Notes on the Interaction of Subconscious and Consciousness

Whether it is the case of an air traffic controller or a violin player or even a heavy vehicle pilot, performing requires not only the skills to operate the instrument but also the ability to perform a task.  To perform a task according to a given procedure, a score, a flight plan with strips requires accuracy and speed.

 

Performing is an episodic act in which time and location of events are crucial.  In contrast, creating, composing, writing, designing are batch tasks in which the final output is more important than when, where they are done.

 

The common point between these two, namely performing and creating is; they are all about the human being and more specificly the human mind.

 

Sartre engages with the world pre-reflectively while writing:  “For example, at this moment I am writing, but I am not conscious of writing.  … In reality, the act of writing is not at all unconscious, it is an actual structure of my consciousness.  Only it is not conscious of itself.  To write is to maintain an active awareness of the words as they come to birth under my pen.”

 

Hemingway advices a novice writer:  “The most important thing I’ve learned about writing is never write too much at a time,” Hemingway said, tapping my arm with his finger. “Never pump yourself dry. Leave a little for the next day. The main thing is to know when to stop. Don’t wait till you’ve written yourself out. When you’re still going good and you come to an interesting place and you know what’s going to happen next, that’s the time to stop. Then leave it alone and don’t think about it; let your subconscious mind do the work. …” [ Ernest Hemingway Creates a Reading List for a Young Writer, 1934

http://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html ]

 

 

Judith ULUĞ who played the piano in the first performance of my Viola Sonata adviced me: “Let it go where the music leads.”  during the rehearsals.  This is pretty similar to an Anatolian Hittite King’s thousands of years old advise:  “Mein Sohn! Tue das, was in (deinem) Herzen (ist) (My son! Do what in your heart is.)”  [Daisuke YOSHIDA,  “Die Syntax des althethitischen substantivischen Genitivs”, page 5 ]  Both of these advices suggest the use of subconscious and there is a slight difference between them.  ULUĞ’s advice is based on good continuation where as the ancient advice is related with conscience. 

 

The succees in creating or performance depends on the personal balance in using not only consciouness but also unconcious capabilities of the mind.  Gestalt laws, Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Good Continuation apply not only to concious perception but also to the subconscious processing.  

 

According to Baars “brain is a large group of separate, specialized systems that are unconscious mostly during their operation.  Some of these processes may become conscious in sequence and this process constitutes a conscious experience.  Only one process can be conscious at one instant of time.”   [Baars,  “A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness”, 1988]  

 

A huge variety of things can be experienced consciously, but an unconscious specialized processor can perform a limited range of tasks.  This is related to the necessity of focusing to do high speed or specialized difficult tasks. 

 

When a music performer plays a piece, although he/she is conscious of a single note at a certain point of the piece the previous and successive notes are in his subconscious and they do priming  effects to the performance of the current note.  This is similar to Tanenhaus’s word example.  [Tanenhaus, Seidenberg’s ‘Do listeners compute linguistic representations?’, 1985.]

 

 While conscious processes are consistent, the collection of unconscious processes are not.  There has to be an internal consistency of conscious experience.

 

Conscious events are shaped by unconscious factors where as unconscious processes are not context sensitive.  Conscious processes are inefficient and error prone.  During the learning process we use conscious processes but once learned the task is unconscious and performed with comparative speed and accuracy.

 

Consciousness can relate two separate conscious events.  Any conscious stimulus may serve as a signal for any other event.  The unconscious processes are closed boxes that can not relate.  This requires the performer to manage unconscious events and conscious events at a higher level of consciousness.    [Josh McDermott, Global Workspace Theory: Consciousness Explained, Harvard Brain, 1995.]

 

“Only with the flowering of higher-order consciousness and linguistic capabilities does a self arise that is nameable to itself.  Consciousness of consciousness becomes possible via the linguistic tokens that are meaningfully exchanged during speech acts in a community.”  [Edelman, Naturalizing consciousness:A theoretical framework, PNAS, 2003, http://www.pnas.org/content/100/9/5520.full]

 

“consciousness is an … internal functional state modulated, rather than generated by senses”.

 

 “the thalamocortical resonant column is the functional architecture of the active state that generates consciousness”.

 

“high frequency oscillations (20 – 50 Hz) show a pattern of coherence that is either restricted to its immediate vicinity or occurs between distant discrete areas” [Llinas, et all., “The neuronal basis for consciousness”, The Royal Society, 1998]

 

“consciousness arises as a result of integration of many inputs by reentrant interactions in the dynamic core.  This integration occurs in periods of < 500 ms.”  [ Edelman, “Naturalizing consciousness: A theoretical framework”, 2003,  Proceedings of Natural Acedemy of Science USA].

 

When the consciousness takes control of the mind, unconscious processes do not stop working.  As Baars stated above, the unconscious processes have priming effect on the active conscious process.

 

Classical theories of cognitive control, therefore, propose that only conscious processes depend on capacity-limited attentional resources and can be modulated by executive control. …:

 

1. Unconscious stimuli influence executive control settings. Several experiments showed that subliminal stimuli can modulate shifts of spatial (Ansorge et al., 2002; Scharlau and Ansorge, 2003) and modality-specific attention (Mattler, 2003, 2005) as well as task-specific control operations (Mattler, 2003, 2005, 2006) and task sets (Reuss et al., 2011; Wokke et al., 2011).
    

 (2) Furthermore, the relation between executive control and unconscious processing is bidirectional because top-down factors such as attentional resources, stimulus expectations, action intensions, or task sets, all factors that are typically considered to involve executive control mechanisms (Norman and Shallice, 1986), modulate unconscious stimulus processing (Jaśkowski et al., 2003; Ansorge and Neumann, 2005; Kiefer and Martens, 2010; Wokke et al., 2011). …

 

[Markus Kiefer^, “Executive control over unconscious cognition: attentional sensitization of unconscious information processing, Front Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 61. ”]

 

To become conscious of something the brain needs < 500 ms to highlite all the existing semantic relations in the cortex.  In a 60 Metronom number tempo this corresponds to an eighth note.  This means you can hardly become aware of every and each of the individual notes in a sixteenth notes sequence.  Conscious perception is helped by beats which differentiate between all the notes of a bar.  The gestalt laws of proximity and similarity may help to explain this but there is also an other aspect of consciousness: it is the unity of consciousness.

 

“At any given time a subject has a multiplicity of conscious experiences.  A subject might simultaneously have visual experiences of a red book and a green tree, auditory experiences of birds singing, bodily sensations of a faint hunger and a sharp pain in the shoulder, the emotional experience of a certain melancholy…  These experiences are distinct from each other…. But at the same time, the experiences seem to be tied together in a deep way.  They seem to be unified, by being aspects of a single encompassing state of consciousness”.  [Bayne et all., What is consciousness?“,2003,]

 

Pitch, duration, rhythm, harmony of a single beat is percieved as a single unit, as different aspects of the unity of their consciousness.  Motives, sentences, forms, other higher level entities in music form ‘object unity’.  We percieve music by grouping things that we hear because of the bottleneck of our perception. [Miller, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information”].  The unity of consciousness may also be based on ‘Subject Unity’, ‘Subsumptive Unity’, ‘Access Unity’ or ‘’Phenomenal Unity’.

 

Consciousness is the activation of semantic relations to an input sense.  Seeing a red object activates the color red in our mind.  There exists no way to exactly determine what the mind’s encoding that corresponds to the color red is.  Hence, it is also not possible to claim what I see as red is what you see as red.  The encoding for the color red in our minds is called quale. “In any presentation, this content is either a specific quale(such as the immediacy of redness or loudness) or something analyzable into a complex of such.  The presentation as an event is, of course, unique, but the qualia which make it up are not.”   [Lewis, Mind and the World Order, 1941] 

 

Qualia belong to not only simple things such as pitch, loudness, usw., everything we are conscious of has a qualia in our mind.    In order to be conscious of something what we think and percieve must be consistent as stated above.  If we do not understand something or get conscious of it, it goes to unconscious.  If a performer cannot activate a quale about a situation he/she faces it will not be possible to handle it.  This happens in airplane accidents when the pilot cannot find the emergency situtaion in his training knowledge or reference book.  The composer has to write his work in such a way that he has to activate at least some qualia in the minds of the performers and the audience.  There has to be a decent balance between consciously and unconsciously percievable elements of the composition using also priming by subconscious.

 

The semantic tree of our knowledge and the way we utilize it through qualia are formed by experience and education.  Qualia is the combinations of the parts of the semantic tree that are highlighted by the consciousness.  Consciousness may be the qualia formed by the combination of memory, emotions and it may be  triggered by the recursive sensitivity of the thalamus like the vibrating flame of a candle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction to my Viola Sonata

INTRODUCTION

 

The first movement begins with a root position dominant ninth E chord.  There are first a root position D seventh chord and then a second inversion c min seventh chord before the repetition of dominant ninth E chord.  E ninth and D seventh chords are connected by the common F sharp pitch.  D seventh and c min seventh chord are connected by the common C pitch.

 

The two E chords establish tonality as a minor or A major.  The exact tonality is determined by the embellishment chords not the static pillars of E ninth chords.  The passing chords of D major and c min have both c natural which determines the tonality as a minor.

 

The embellishment elements in the beginning of a piece whether it is

music, or an article, book etc. may carry the function of preparing the ideas presented in the further instances.  C sharp - D pitches trill introduces the nonharmonic tone C sharp pitch at the second bar.  In fact it is the crucial and very last note just before the beginning of the second idea of the first department A of the piece.  The connection is made with C sharp pitch to G min, an augmented forth.

 

Anything we do not understand, that we can not put into a frame of reason or connection goes into our subconscious.  The embellishment

elements go into our subconscious because they are irrelevant to the

strongly established initial chords, which are generally in root

position and clearly identifiable.

 

Gestalt laws, Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Good Continuation apply not only to concious perception but also to the subconscious processing.  Transition in music, is a higher level abstraction of good continuation.  The listening mind may not percieve the identity of sliding tonal centers.  The sounds it hears go to the subconscious.  But the good continuation principle works in the subconscious and at the end of the transition the listening mind welcomes the new tonality, similar to remembering something.  The transition from the central department in c minor to the recap at bar 109 uses 12 tone motives of length 4 bars.  The

reference point of the 12 tone series slides half tone three times...

 

Schuman and Couperin wrote words in their works.  The last movement of my work has two words scribbled on the side of the score.  The word 'clairvoyance' is written on the side of bar 49.  A new 12 tone passage begins at bar 47 with expression marks: 'meno mosso' and 'con presisione e susurrante'.  The tempo at bars 26 - 36 is supposed to be tempo A.  Then comes a 'poco mosso' passage which is faster.  After this 'clairvoyance' passage comes where the tempo slows suddenly and the flow of temporary events is interrupted.  It is the standing back of a person out of the hustle-bustle of instant action-reactions of the daily events and out of this moment, his looking at the whole, which is represented here  through the 12 tone.

 

Normally word painting is the depiction of the meaning of the words that are being sung.  The instrument part reflects the literal meaning of the song either generally or for a specific word.  What happens if the words are written in the score but there is not any vocal part? 

 

The listening mind hears the music but it can not understand it.

The music goes to the subconscious of the listener.

TURKISH - URDU - ENGLISH COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY Version 1.02

TURKISH - URDU - ENGLISH COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY Version 1.02
INTRODUCTION
This is a comparative dictionary.  It has been produced from
Mr. Prabhu's URDU - ENGLISH dictionary which has been
posted by V.C.Trumalai.  The Turkish words that
correspond to the URDU words have been added to the left most
column.  There are two tabs between the Turkish and the URDU
word.  The English meaning follows the URDU word.  The original
structure of the URDU - ENGLISH dictionary is kept as it is.
PURPOSE and SOME CONCLUSIONS
1- The comparison of tree languages yields word origin 
commonalties between Turkish and English.  The relation can
be observed through Persian origined words.
kase            kaasah:         P       n.m.    cup/goblet/bowl
     case: (English) box, bag, covering, container
(As Germans say it is not the K("a)se but the cup that you put it in
that matters).
pereztij?       parastish:      P       n.m.    worship
   T   prestige (Has it come to Turkish from Persian or English???)
2- More than 90 percent of the vocabulary is similarly pronounced
and have similar semantics in URDU and TURKISH languages.  A
common cultural background, namely Arabic, Persian and Muslim effects
contribute to this.  The effect of the Helenistic and Roman
heritage (in case of Turkey) should also be noted.
For example:
tan(yeri)       ta'n:           A       n.m.    blame/reproach/censure/chide
This is a possible link to the antique tragedy of Iphigenia,
the young daughter of Agamemnon.  Agamemnon had to order the
prosecution of his daughter at the dawn(Aelius).  It has something
to do with the antique times when people were sacrificed to Sun.
Today, it is still the judicial practice to execute death sentences
at dawn.
3- The comparison helps to understand the sources of some   
Turkish words such as:
umur  'umr life-time, span of life.
umrumda de(~g)il I do not care!
Esra  aasraa means of subsistence, protection, shelter.
Afitab  afitab sun
Ebru     aabru:          P       n.f.    honor/fame/good name/dignity
4- The sources of Turkish words are determined by the rule:
If the vowels of the word belong to the same group the word probably
has a Turkish origin.  The vowel groups are (a, I, o, u) and (e, i, "o, "u).
For example :
ordu            urdoo:          T       n.f.    army/camp
yarI(,s)        yoorish:        T       n.f.    assault/storm/invasion
According to this rule, Mr. Tirumalai's dictionary should have indicated
Turkish as the source for a few more Urdu words.
5- The Turkish alphabet (explained below) is a better tool for writing in
Latin characters.  Mr. Tirumalai has used the English pronouncations
of characters to write the Urdu language.  The Turkish language uses
the Latin alphabet with pronounciations which are close to the
international phonetic alphabet.   The Turkish words are written as they
are phonetically pronounced.
THE TURKISH ALPHABET
a A     c[u]t 
b B  [b]ear
c C  [j]udge
d D  [d]ear
e E  c[a]t
f F  [f]ear
g G  [g]reat
(~g) (~G) o[a]r  nasalized voiced glottal (g) or
        nasalized non-voiced glottal (k)
h H  [h]elp
I I       i without umlaut(dot at the top) is
   pronounced as front u (oo) as in (cool)
i ('I)      k[i]ll i with umlaut
j ('J)  ca[s]ual
k K  [c]at
l L  [l]ook
m M  [m]ean
n N  [n]one
o O   d[oo]r
("o) ("O) [u]rge
p P  peace  - [p]ierce now-a-days?
r R  [r]ead
s S  pea[c]e
(,s) (,S) [sh]ell
t T  [t]ell
u U  c[oo]l
("u) ("U) p[u]ree
v V  [w]ell
y Y  [y]ell
z Z  [z]eal
NOTEs:
1-Characters in paranthesis are written at the same position on the line.
For example ("u) is the umlaut u in the German language and should be written
as u in [ue]berholen(to repeat).
2- The ^ sign is the sign for dentalizing in phonetics.  It is common to use it
with Arabic words in the Ottoman language.  It is becoming an increasing rarity
in the Turkish language.
For example: K(^a)be is written Kabe nowadays (to my surprise).
This is the end of notes by Ali RIza SARAL(sal@eurocontrol.de).          
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
1- This is a comparative dictionary.  It is not
a Turkish - English dictionary.  The English
meaning of an Urdu word may be different
from the corresponding Turkish word.  For
example Turkish X and Urdu Y may have stemmed
out of the same root but the meaning of X in
Turkish might be Z.1 and the meaning of Y might
be Z.2 ...  In these cases a question mark(?)
is indicated next to the Turkish word and the
different meaning is written on the following line
when the meaning is of special interest.
If the Turkish word begins with a capitol letter
this indicates: the Persian word is being used as
a private name in Turkish, probably a person or place.
For Ex. A(,s)iyan is a place name
        AsIm is a male person name
2- It is based on an Urdu - English dictionary.
Only a subset of the contemporary Turkish
vocabulary, the words which semantically correspond
to the Urdu words are included.  This means,
a lot of old Turkish or Ottoman words that  stem
out of Persian or Arabic languages are indicated
inspite of their original Turkish equivalents.
3- The criteriums which are used to indicate a
corresponding Turkish word to an Urdu word follows:
 3.1. Phonetical similarity.
 3.2.1. Semantical relation
 3.2.2. Direct meaning equality
The Turkish word should comply with at least two
of these three conditions in order to be indicated.
4- This dictionary is based on individual efforts.
It may not reflect exactly the art of the state
Turkish language.  There are big differences of
understanding among different generations of Turkish
people, specially in language, due to the fast
transformation Turkey has had to go through.
5- I will continue to maintain the dictionary.  All
criticisms are well come.
This is the end of ADDITIONAL NOTES by Ali RIza SARAL(sal@eurocontrol.de).
********************************************************************************
>Subject: the small sized Urdu dictionary (:-))
>Message-ID: <1992Nov20.184327.15612@doug.cae.wisc.edu>
>Date: 20 Nov 92 18:43:26 CST
>Organization: U of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering
>Lines: 1973
>From prabhu@corvus.arc.nasa.gov Fri May 22 15:47:41 1992
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
################################################################################
                                    Alphabet
                                    --------
Vowel Pronunciation Key
-----------------------
a  : "u" in "but"
aa : "a" in "far"
e  : "e" in "bed"
i  : "i" in "fit"
ee : "ee" in "feet"
o  : "o" in "code"
u  : "u" in "put"
oo : "oo" in "booed"
au : "ow" in "how"
ai : "ei" in "neighbor"
Notes:  1. ' indicates a glottal stop (pronounced like "uh") in very careful
-----      speech. Normally, however, it is not pronounced at the beginning
           of a word and in other positions it represents 'aa'.
        2. The combination 'ah' at the end of a word is pronounced like 'aa'
           or 'e'. For example: 'jagah' could be 'jagaa' or 'jage', i.e., the
           h is silent.
        3. The combination 'ah' or 'aH' in the middle of a word is pronounced
           like 'e'.
        4. n. (n period) indicates nasalization.
        5. a - is used to distinguish between sh and s+h, kh and k+h, etc.

Letter    Transcription                         Remarks
------    -------------                         -------
'alif    :      a          Could also stand for an unspecified initial vowel
be       :      b
pe       :      p          Does not occur in Arabic
te       :      t          Used in native words
Te       :      T          Does not occur in Arabic and Persian
se       :      s          Used in loan words
jeem     :      j
che      :      ch         Does not occur in Arabic
baRi he  :      H          Used in loan words
khe      :      kh
daal     :      d
Daal     :      D          Does not occur in Arabic and Persian
zaal     :      z          Used in loan words
re       :      r
Re       :      R          Does not occur in Arabic and Persian
ze       :      z          Used in native words
zhe      :      zh         Does not occur in Arabic
seen     :      s
sheen    :      sh
saad     :      s          Used in loan words
zaad     :      z          Used in loan words
to-e     :      t          Used in loan words
zo-e     :      z          Used in loan words
ain      :      '          Could also stand for an unspecified initial vowel
ghain    :      gh
fe       :      f
qaaf     :      q
kaaf     :      k
gaaf     :      g          Does not occur in Arabic
laam     :      l
meem     :      m
noon     :      n
vaa-o    :      w          Stands for oo/o/au at the end of a word. In the
                           middle it could stand for w/oo/o/au
chhoTi he:      h          Used in native words
chhoTi ye:      y          Stand for ee/e/ai at the end of a word. In the
                           middle it could stand for y/ee/e/ai
baRi ye  :      y          Occurs only at the end of a word and stands for
                           e or ai
################################################################################
                                   Abbreviations
                                   -------------
                Grammatical                     Word Origin
                -----------                     -----------
        n.f.    : noun feminine                 P : Persian
        n.m.    : noun masculine                A : Arabic
        pron.   : pronoun                       T : Turkish
        adj.    : adjective                     H : Hindi
        v.      : verb                          S : Sanskrit
        adv.    : adverb                        G : Greek
        conj.   : conjunction
        intj.   : interjection
        prep.   : preposition
        suff.   : suffix
        pref.   : prefix
        fig.    : figurative
        plu.    : plural
        lit.    : literal
        poet.   : poetic
################################################################################
                                   Vocabulary
                                   ----------
                                  'alif (long)
                                  ------------
(^a)b aab:            P       n.m.    water
 aab:            P       n.f.    splendor/elegance/polish/brightness/
                                 temper(steel)/lustre(gems)/sharpness(sword)
          aab-e-aa'inah:  n.f.    polish of a mirror
          aab-e-talkh:    n.m.    bitter water/tears/wine
          aab-e-chashm:   n.m.    tears
  (^a)b-I hayat n the water  of life
 aabaad:         P       adj.    populated/inhabited/peopled/prosperous/happy
Ebru aabru:          P       n.f.    honor/fame/good name/dignity
 aap:            H       pron.   self/selves/respectful term of address
ate(,s) aatish:         P       n.f.    fire
 aatmaa:         S       n.f.    soul/spirit/mind
AsIm aasim:          A       n.m.    sinner/culprit
ahir aakhir:         A       adj.    last/final
ahiret g("u)n("u) A n. day of Judgment
(^a)dab aadaab:         A       n.m.    manners (plu. of adab)
adam aadmi:          P       n.m.    man (lit. offspring of Adam)
 aadmiyyat:      A       n.f.    humanity/human nature/civility
 aaraa:          P       adj.    embellishing/adorning
ara aaraam:         P       n.m.    rest/repose/respite/relief/ease/comfort
 aara'ish        P       n.f.    decoration/adornment/beauty
arzu aarzoo:         P       n.f.    yearning/desire/wish/longing
 aaz:            P       n.f.    ardent desire/lust/covetousness
(^a)z(^a)d aazaad:         P       n.f.    free/unrestrained
azar? aazardah:       P       adj.    annoyed/dejected/uneasy/gloomy/sad
   T   to punish with words
 aazmaa'ish:     P       n.f.    trial/experiment/testing/proving
AslI aas:            H       n.f.    longing/desire/hope/faith/shelter/refuge
 aasaan:         P       adj.    light/facile/easy
Esra aasraa:         H       n.m.    means of subsistence/protection/shelter
 aasmaan:        P       n.m.    heaven/sky
azmani?  aasmaani:       P       adj.    heavenly/celestial/azure
    T   colossal
(^a)sude aasoodah:       P       adj.    opulent/rich/satisfied
  aashaa:         S       n.f.    desire/hope/longing
(^a)(,s)ifte aashuftah:      P       adj.    perplexed/careworn/distracted/confused
a(,s)na?fi(,sne)aashnaa:        P       n.m.    aquaintance/friend/lover
A(,s)iyan aashiyaan.:     P       n.m.    nest/house
a(~gIz)? aakhaaz:        P       n.m.    commencement/outset/beginning
   T mouth,          ilk a(~g)Izda: at the outset, beginning
  aaghosh:        P       n.f/m.  embrace/lap/bosom
(^a)fet  aafaat:         A       n.f.    evils/disasters/misfortunes (plu. of aafat)
Afitab  aaftaab:        P       n.m.    sun
a(~g)?   aag:            H       n.f.    flame/fire (fig. anger/passion/love/lust)
 a(~g)rI   pain
  aalaap:         H       n.f.    conversation/preparatory tuning
  aan.ch:         H       n.f.    flame/warmth/fervor/loss/grief
  aan.chal:       H       n.m.    corner of the 'dopaTTa' worn by women
Hande  aan.dhee:       H       n.f.    dust-storm/hurricane
asu  aan.soo:        H       n.m.    tears
avare  aawaarah:       P       adj.    without home
  aawaarah:       P       n.m.    wanderer/vagrant/destitute
avaz?  aawaaz:         P       n.f.    noise/sound/cry/shout
  aawaazah:       P       n.m.    rumor/fame/report/reputation
ah  aah:            P       n.f.    sigh
aheste  aahistah:       P       adv.    softly/leisurely/slowly
ayna  aa'inah:        P       n.m.    mirror
  aayandah:       P       adj.    hereafter/in the future
################################################################################
                                  'alif (short)
                                  -------------
  ab:             H       adv.    now/presently
  ubaal:          H       n.m.    boiling/rage/anger
iptida-i? ibtidaa':       A       n.f.    commencement/beginning
 T primitive
  abtar:          P       adj.    ruined/scattered/worthless
  ibtisaam:       A       n.m.    smile/cheerfulness
  ibtilaa:        A       n.m.    trial/misfortune/suffering
ebed-i?  abad:           A       n.f.    eternity
  abr:            P       n.m.    cloud
  abroo:          P       n.m.    eyebrow
  absaar:         A       n.m.    eyes (plu. of basr)
  ibn:            A       n.m.    son
  abnaa':         A       n.m.    sons (plu. of ibn)
ittihat  ittiHaad:       A       n.m.    union/alliance
ittifak  ittifaaq:       A       n.m.    agreement/concord/chance/event/opportunity
  ittifaaqaan:    A       adv.    accidentally
  ittikaa':       A       n.m.    dependence/reliance
ihlaf  itlaaf:         A       n.m.    loss/ruin/decay
ihtimam  itmaam:         A       n.m.    completion/perfection
itham  ittihaam:       A       n.m.    charge/imputation/blame
  aTak:           H       n.f.    obstacle/obstruction
ispat  isbaat:         A       n.m.    proof
A(,s)ar?vergisi asar:           A       n.m.    mark/sign/trace/effect
  ujaaR:          H       adj.    ruined/waste/abandoned
icazet  ijaazat:        A       n.f.    permission/leave/sanction
ecnebi  ajnabee:        A       n.m.    stranger/foreigner/alien
ihtiya(,c) iHtiyaaj:       A       n.f.    need
ihtiyat  iHtiyaat:       A       n.f.    caution/heed
  aHzaan:         A       n.m.    sorrows (plu. of huzn)
ihsas  iHsaas:         A       n.m.    feeling/emotion
ihsan  iHsaan:         A       n.m.    beneficence/favor/good deed
ekber  akhbaar:        A       n.m.    news/newspaper
ihtiyar  ikhtiyaar:      A       n.m.    choice/option/power/influence/control/authority
  akhz:           A       n.m.    grasping/seizing/taking
('I)hlas ikhlaas:        A       n.m.    sincerity/purity/love/selfless worship
   adaa:           A       n.f.    payment of debt/settlement
eda  adaa:           P       n.f.    charm/grace/beauty
idrak  idraak:         A       n.m.    perception/comprehension
edip  adib:           A       n.m.    learned, man of letters (plu. udabaa')
irade?  iraadah:        A       n.m.    aim/object/will/desire
   T resolution
Erc("u)ment arjmand:        P       adj.    exalted
ordu  urdoo:          T       n.f.    army/camp
ir(,s)(^a)d irshaad:        A       n.m.    instruction/order/command/guidance
arz  arz:            A       n.f.    land/region/earth
Erman  armaan:         P       n.m.    desire/yearning/wish
ezel  azal:           A       n.f.    eternity/without beginning
esas  asaas:          A       n.f.    foundation
sebep  asbaab:         A       n.m.    causes/motives/means
("u)stad ustaad:         P       n.m.    master/professor
istifa  isti'faa:       A       n.m.    resignation
  isti'maal:      A       n.m.    application/usage/use
Esad  asad:           A       n.m.    lion
esrar  asraar:         A       n.m.    secrets (plu. of sirr)
israf  israaf:         A       n.m.    waste/extravagance
sefer  asfaar:         A       n.m.    voyages/travels (plu. of safar)
  asqaam:         A       n.m.    evils/weaknesses/defects (plu. of suqm)
esir  asir:           A       n.m.    prisoner/captive
i(,s)aret ishaarah:       P       n.m.    gesture/symbol/wink/sign
i(,s)tihar? ishtihaar:      A       n.m.    notification/poster/reputation/renown
i(,s)tiyak? ishtiyaaq:      A       n.m.    longing/craving/desire
  ishraaq:        A       n.m.    dawn/day break/lustre
(,s)afak? shfaaq:        A       n.m.    favors (plu. of shafaq)
    T rising sun, aelius
  ishfaaq:        A       n.m.    compassion/kindness
e(,s)kiya? ashqiyaa':      A       n.m.    cruel/heartless (plu. of shaqi)
   T bandit
a(,s)k?  ashk:           P       n.m.    tearS
   T   love
sahip  as-haab:        A       n.m.    lords/masters (plu. of saahib)
israr  israar:         A       n.m.    obduracy/persistence/obstinacy
asIl  asl:            A       n.m.    root/foundation/essence (plu. usool)
asli  asli:           A       adj.    original/genuine/real/true
IstIrab  iztiraab:       A       n.m.    restlessness/perturbation/anxiety
  iztiraar:       A       n.m.    helplessness/agitation/constraint
etfal  atfaal:         A       n.m.    children/offspring (plu. of tifl)
  iz-haar:        A       n.m.    disclosure/proclamation/statement/testimony
itibar  i'tibaar:       A       n.m.    trust/confidence/faith/reliance
itiraz  i'tiraaz:       A       n.m.    objection/criticism/protest
icaz?  i'jaaz:         A       n.m.    miracle/marvel/wonder
  AllahIn icazeti: a marvel of the God
ilan?  i'laam:         A       n.m     announcing/notifying
     T announcement, notice
ahlat?  aghlaat:        A       n.f.    mistakes (plu. of ghalat)
  aghyaar:        A       n.m.    strangers/rivals (plu. of ghair)
  uftaad:         P       n.f.    misery/distress/mishap/foundation
iftihar  iftikhaar:      A       n.m.    honor/glory/repute/distinction
ifrat  ifraat:         A       n.f.    excess/exuberance/plenty
efsane  afsaanah:       P       n.m.    tale/legend/fiction
  afsurdah:       P       adj.    melancholy/depressed
  afsos:          P       n.m.    regret/remorse/dejection
ufuk  ufaq:           A       n.m.    horizon
ikbal  iqbaal:         A       n.m.    prosperity/good fortune/success/confession
ikrar?  iqraar:         A       n.m.    promise/pledge/confession/declaration/covenant
ihtiza?  iqtizaa':       A       n.m.    requirement/need/demand
kabir?  akbar:          A       adj.    greatest (sup. of kabir)
    T  burial site, sarcophagus, grave
ekseriyyet aksar:          A       adj.    most/much/many/frequent
ekseri  aksar:          A       adv.    frequently/usually/generally/often
e(~g)er  agar:           P       conj.   if/in case
  al:             A       art.    the
iltifat  iltifaat:       A       n.m.    regard/kindness/favor/friendship
l(^a)f(sing) alfaaz:         A       n.m.    words (plu. of lafz)
emanet  amaanat:        A       n.f.    something  given in trust/deposit/security
imtihan  imtiHaan:       A       n.m.    examination/test/trial/proof/experiment
imtiyaz  imtiyaaz:       A       n.m.    discrimination/discernment/distinction
("u)mit  ummid:          P       n.f.    hope/expectation/trust
  intikhaab:      A       n.m.    selection/choice/election
intizar? intizaar:       A       n.m.    waiting (anxiously)/expectation
intizam  intizaam:       A       n.m.    management/order/method/arrangement
intikam  intiqaam:       A       n.m.    revenge/reprisal
encam  anjaam:         A       n.m.    end/conclusion/result/issue
enc("u)men? anjuman:        P       n.f.    assembly/meeting/society/council
endaze  andaazah:       P       n.m.    measurement/guess/rough estimate
  an.dar:         P       prep.   within/inside/inward
insan  insaan:         A       n.m.    man/human being/mankind
insanlik insaaniyyat:    A       n.m.    humanity/civility
  in'aam:         A       n.m.    gift/reward/largesse
inkIl(^a)b inqilaab:       A       n.m.    revolution
ink(^a)r inkaar:         A       n.m.    denial/contradiction
  auqaat:         A       n.m.    times (plu. of waqt)
  auqaat:         A       n.f.    status/position
evvel  awwaal:         A       adj.    first/excellent/best
evlat-velet aulaad:         A       n.f.    children (plu. of walad)
iman  imaan:          A       n.m.    belief/faith/creed/conscience
################################################################################
                                        be
                                        --
  bi:             A       prep.   by/with/from/in/into/near/on/for/towards
                                (Always prefixed to another word)
  ba:             P       prep.   by/with/from/in/into/to/on/upon/for/upto
                                (Always prefixed to another word)
  baa:            P       prep.   with/by/possessed of
bab  baab:           A       n.m.    door/gate/chapter/topic/subject
baba  baabul:         H       n.m.    father
  baat:           H       n.f.    word/saying/speech/tale/news/question/business
                                  proposal/point/gossip/substance
  baad:           P       n.f.    ind/air/breeze
padi(,s)ah baadshaah:      P       n.m.    emperor/king
  baadal:         H       n.m.    cloud(s)
b(^a)de  baadah:         P       n.m.    wine/spirits
Bediya  baadiyah:       A       n.m.    wilderness/desert
  baadiyah:       P       n.m.    goblet/cup
  baar:           H       n.m.    time/turn/chance/opportunity/delay/obstacle
  baar:           P       n.m.    burden/load/permission/grief/court
  baarish:        P       n.m.    rain
  baarah:         P       n.m.    time/turn/about/in regard of
m("u)barek baareek:        P       adj.    fine/slender/delicate/difficult/subtle
baz  baaz:           P       suff.   denotes doer/agent
  baaz:           P       n.m.    falcon
  baaz:           P       adv.    again/back/refusing
pazar  baazaar:        P       n.m.    market
  baazaaree:      P       adj.    common/low/vulgar/relating to the market
pazu  baazoo:         P       n.m.    arm/fold of a door/flank of an army
  baazi:          P       n.f.    sport/game/wager
  baazichah:      P       n.m.    toy/fun/sport
ba(~g)?  baagh:          P       n.m.    garden/orchard/grove
   T wineyard
b(^a)ki  baaqee:         A       adj.    remaining/lasting
  baaqee:         A       n.f.    residue/remainder/arrears
balam  baalam:         S       n.m.    a lover/sweet-heart/husband
bam?  baam:           P       n.m.    upper storey/terrace/balcony
 T bam (teli): the upper extra string for the 'saz'.  It is added  adjacently to
        the original string but into the upper position.
  baan:           P       suff.   signifying keeper or guardian
banka?  baan.kaa:       H       adj.    curved/crooked/sly/cunning
   T  (from English)   bank  (the relation of bank and river bank ???)
Banu  baano:          P       n.f.    lady/gentlewoman
bah(,c)e? bachchah:       P       n.m.    child
   T garden
hal  baHaal:         A       adj.    status quo/refreshed/happy
bahis  baHs:           A       n.f.    dispute/argument/debate/controversy
buhar  bukhaar:        A       n.m.    steam/temperature/fever/rage
baht  bakht:          P       n.m.    good fortune/luck/prosperity
bah(,s)i(,s) bakhshish:      P       n.f.    gift/donation/reward/alms/tip
bed-  bad:            P       adj.    bad/wicked/evil
       kader   bad akhtar:     adj.    unfortunate
          bad anjaam:     adj.    having a bad end
          bad tar:        adj.    worse/inferior
          bad chalan:     adj.    of bad conduct/ill-mannered/immoral
          bad khwaab:     n.m./f. nightmare
       beddua  bad du'aa:      n.f.    curse/malediction
          bad sirat:      adj.    ill-tempered
       suratsIz  bad soorat:     adj.    ugly
          bad m'aash:     adj.    roguish
       namsIz   bad naam:       adj.    disreputable/notorious/ignominous
       nasibsiz  bad naseeb:     adj.    unfortunate/unlucky
bedir  badr:           A       n.m.    full moon
bedel?  badal:          A       n.m.    exchange/change/substitution
   T prize, cost
  badlaa:                 n.m.    exchange/retaliation/revenge
beden  badan:          A       n.m.    body
beraber? baraabar:       P       adj.    equal/even/level/alike/opposite/accurate
   T together
  bardaasht:      P       n.f.    endurance/tolerance/patience
  barsaat:        H       n.f.    rain/rainy season
bereket  barkat:         A       n.f.    abundance/prosperity/blessing/auspiciousness
  baRhiyaa:       H       adj.    superior/of good quality/expensive
  buzurg:         P       adj.    great/venerable/aged/noble
bezm  bazm:           P       n.f.    assembly/company (at a feast or entertainment)
  bas:            P       adj.    sufficient/enough/plenty
  bisaat:         A       n.f.    bedding/carpet/chess board/extent/capacity
  bast:           P       n.m.    obstacle/knot/asylum/sanctuary
  bistar:         P       n.m.    bed
bismil  bismil:         P       n.m.    sacrificial animal/a lover
  baseraa:        H       n.m.    roosting/a night's lodging/shelter
be(,s)eriyet? bashar:         A       n.m.    man/mortal
   T humanity
  basheer:        A       adj.    a messenger of good news
  basar:          A       n.f.    sight/vision/the eye
  baghaawat:      A       n.f.    revolt/rebellion/disloyalty
  baghal:         P       n.f.    armpit/side
bel(^a)  balaa:          A       n.m.    calamity/distress/trial/misfortune
Bilan  buland:         P       adj.    high/lofty/sublime/exalted/tall/loud
billur  billaur:        P       n.m.    crystal/crystal glass/transparent
  ban.dish:       P       adj.    composition/elegance of style/plan/obstruction
  ban.dagi:       P       n.f.    devotion/worship/service
  bandah:         P       n.m.    slave/servant/individual/man
b("u)nye? bunyaad:        A       n.f.    foundation
   T structure
eti budu ne? bood:           P       n.f.    being/existence
   T So small!
bahadIr  bahaadur:       P       adj.    brave/valiant/high-spirited
bahar  bahaar:         P       n.f.    spring/prime/bloom/beauty/glory/delight
bahane  bahaanah:       P       n.m.    excuse/pretext/evasion/reason
bulmak?  bhool:          H       n.f.    forgetfulness/omission/mistake/lapse/fault
     T to find 
   bhool bhulayyaan.:      a maze/labyrinth
  be:             P       pref.   without/void of
          be aabroo:      adj.    dishonorable
         ittifaksIz be ittifaaqi:   n.f.    discord/disunity
         ihtiyatsIz be iHtiyaati:   n.f.    incautiousness
         ihtiyari olmayan be ikhtiyaari:  n.f.    helplessness/without choice
         adabsIz  be adab:        adj.    rude/unmannerly
         itibarsIz be i'tibaar:    adj.    untrustworthy/discredit
         imtiyazsIz be imtiyaaz:    adj.    indiscriminating
          be an.daazah:   adj.    unlimited/endless
         beinsafsiz be insaaf:      adj.    unfair/unjust
          be imaan:       adj.    faithless/liar/cheat
          be bas:         adj.    helpless/weak
         perdesiz be pardah:      adj.    unveiled/immodest/exposed
         pervasiz be parwaa:      adj.    heedless/indifferent/above want
         bitab be taab:        adj.    restless/powerless/impatient
          be taasir:      adj.    ineffectual/useless
   (opposite of)temiz be tameez:      adj.    indiscreet/rude/uncultured
         cansIz be jaan:        adj.    lifeless
   (opposite of)c("u)r("u)m be jurm:        adj.    faultless
          be chain:       adj.    restless/uneasy
         haddini bilmez be Hadd:        adj.    endless/boundless
         hayasIz be Hayaa:       adj.    shameless/impudent/bare-faced
          be khabar:      adj.    uninformed/ignorant/stupid
          be khataa:      adj.    faultless/innocent
         beyhude be khud:        adj.    enraptured/in ecstasy/delirious/senseless
          be daad:        n.f.    iniquity/injustice/oppression
          be daagh:       adj.    spotless/without blemish/innocent
          be dard:        adj.    without feeling/pitiless/merciless
         rahmetsiz be rahm:        adj.    merciless/cruel
         riyasIz be riyaa:       adj.    without guile/candid/sincere
          be zaar:        adj.    disgusted/displeased
          be zabaan:      adj.    dumb/speechless/modest
          be zar:         adj.    destitute/poor
         sektesiz be sakhtah:     adj.    artless/unaffected/natural/plain
         sazsiz  be saaz:        adj.    without tools or apparatus
         sebepsiz be sabab:       adj.    without cause or reason
           be sharm:       adj.    shameless/immodest
         sabIrsIz be sabr:        adj.    impatient
         t(^a)katsIz be taaqat:      adj.    powerless
         izzetsiz be 'izzat:      adj.    without honor or respect
         gamsIz  be gham:        adj.    happy/without sorrow
         fikirsiz be fikr:        adj.    free from care or worry
         kadirsiz be qadr:        adj.    worthless
         karasIz  be qaraar:      adj.    uneasy/restless/unsettled
         kusursuz be qusoor:      adj.    innocent/not guilty
         bekar?  be kaar:        adj.    idle/unemployed/useless
          T single
    be kas:         adj.    friendless/lonely
         g("u)nahsIz be gunaah:      adj.    innocent/guiltless
           be ma'ni:       adj.    meaningless/absurd
         namsiz  be naam:        adj.    without name, character or reputation
         nasibsiz be naseeb:      adj.    unfortunate
         naziresiz be nazir:       adj.    unequalled/matchless/unique
           be wajh:        adj.    without cause
         vefasIz  be wafaa:       adj.    faithless/ungrateful/treacherous
         vakIfsIz be waqoof:      adj.    foolish/stupid/dolt
         h("u)nersiz be hunar:       adj.    unskilled
         bi ho(,s)?  be hosh:        adj.    unconscious
  bayaabaan:      P       n.m.    desert/wilderness
beyan  bayaan:         A       n.m.    description/statement/account
  bait:           A       n.m.    house/abode
beyit  bait:           A       n.f.    couple/verse
  bedaar:         P       adj.    awake/alert/vigilant
  bezaar:         P       adj.    displeased/angry/out of humor
  begaanah:       P       adj.    strange/alien/foreign
  bimaar:         P       adj.    sick/ill
################################################################################
                                        pe
                                        --
  paa:            P       n.m.    leg/foot/root of a tree
          paa ban.d:      n.m     fettered/bound/subjugated
          paa maal:       adj.    trodden under foot/ruined
          paa yaab:       adj.    fordable/within man's depth
  paar:           H       n.m.    opposite bank/the end/termination
  paas:           P       n.m.    custody/regard/supervision
          paas baan:      n.m.    guard/sentinel
          paar daari:     n.f.    favor/partiality/favoritism
pak  pak:            P       adj.    pure/holy/immaculate/chaste/undefiled
Pakize  pakeezah:       P       adj.    pure/clean/neat
  paagal:         H       adj.    mad/insane/idiotic/distressed
  paani:          H       n.m.    water/rain/lustre/character/honor
perde  pardah:         P       n.m.    curtain/screen/veil/secrecy/privacy
pereztij? parastish:      P       n.m.    worship
   T   prestige (Has it come to Turkish from Persian or English???)
  paraknaa:       H       v.      to examine/to test
pervane  parwaanah:      P       n.m.    moth/lover/warrant/permission
  parwarish:      P       n.f.    fostering/rearing/sustenance/protecting
  pariwash:       P       adj.    fairy-like/beautiful
peri(,s)an pareshaan:      P       adj.    troubled/distracted/distressed
  pasand:         P       n.f.    choice/approval/preference
  pasinaa:        H       n.m.    perspiration/sweat
pi(,s)man pashemaan:      P       n.f.    penitent/repentant/ashamed
  pal:            H       n.m.    a moment
  palak:          H       n.f.    eyelash/a moment/an instant
  panaah:         P       n.f.    protection/asylum/refuge
  pahlu:          P       n.m.    side/advantage/flank of an army
Peyami  payaam:         P       n.m.    message
  peshaah:        P       n.m.    craft/trade/profession
Peyam  paighaam:       P       n.m.    message/news/advice
  paimaan:        P       n.m.    promise/agreement/oath/confirmation
################################################################################
                                        te
                                        --
tabii  taab:           P       n.f.    heat/power/endurance/rage
  T natural
  taabish:        P       n.f.    heat/splendour/grief/sorrow
tesir  taasir:         A       n.f.    effect/impression
ta(,c)  taj:            P       n.m.    crown/tiara
TarIk  taarikh:        A       n.f.    date/annals
TarIk  taarik:         P       adj.    dark/obscure
taze  taazah:         P       adj.    fresh/new/tender/happy
tak?  taak:           P       n.f.    look/regard/aim/view
   zafer takI:T victory monument in the form of a bridge over a road
  tabaah:         P       adj.    ruined/spoiled/depraved/wretched
tebdil  tabdeel:        A       n.f.    change
tebess("u)m tabassum:       A       n.m.    smile/smiling
tecr("u)be tajribah:       A       n.m.    experience/experiment/test/proof
tufa?  toHfaa:         A       n.m.    a gift
    tufaya gelmek: T  be deceived by a ruse                    
taht  takht:          P       n.m.    throne/seat
tedbir?  tadbir:         A       n.f.    deliberation/opinion/advice/arrangement/order
   T precaution
terenne? taraanah:       P       n.m.    harmony/symphony/a kind of song
   terennum etmek  T to sing
terc("u)man tarjumaan:      A       n.m.    interpreter
tIrs?  tars:           P       n.m.    fear/terror
  tars:           H       n.m.    compassion/pity/mercy
terakki  tarraqqee:      A       n.f.    elevation/promotion/proficiency
terkip  tarkeeb:        A       n.f.    composition/mixture/plan/mode/method
teselli  tasallee:       A       n.f.    consolation/comfort/satisfaction
teslim  tasleem:        A       n.f.    salutation/greeting/resignation/submission
te(,s)rif tashreef:       A       n.f.    honoring
  tishnagi:       A       n.f.    thirst/desire/longing
tasavvur tasawwur:       A       n.m.    imagination/fancy/idea
tasavvuf tasawwuf:       A       n.m.    mysticism
tasvir  tasweer:        A       n.f.    picture/portrait/painting
  ta'ajjub:       A       n.m.    wondering/admiration/amazement/surprise
tarif  ta'areef:       A       n.f.    explanation/description/praise/definition
teall(^a)? ta'alluq:       A       n.m.    connection/relation/consideration
hakeza?  taqaazaa:       A       n.m.    demanding settlement of a debt/importunity
   T similarly
takdir?  taqdeer:        A       n.f.    fate/luck
   T  evaluation, decision                 
takriben taqriban:       A       adv.    approximately
  taqwaa:         A       n.f.    piety/abstinence/fear of God
teklif?  takleef:        A       n.f.    imposition of a burden/difficulty/inconvenience
    T proposal
tela(,s)? talaash:        A       n.f.    search/inquiry/quest
    T to be in a hurry, to run around meaninglessly in search of something
talk podrasI? talkh:          P       adj.    bitter/acrimonious/pungent/unpalatable
      T  the medicine -sth. like a white dusty material- used for some
          skin problems specially for babies
  talwaar:        H       n.f.    sword
tema(,s)a tamaashaa:      A       n.m.    entertainment/fun/amusement/sport/spectacle
tamam  tamaam:         A       adj.    entire/complete/perfect/end
temyiz?  tameez:         A       n.f.    discernment/judgement/observance of etiquette
   T   application for the review of a legal decision at a higher court
ten  tan:            P       n.m.    body
tenkid  tanqiH:         A       n.f.    cleaning/investigation/inquiry/issue
  tangi:          P       n.f.    narrowness/hardship/poverty
tenha  tanhaa:         P       adj.    alone/solitary
t("o)vbe taubah:         P       n.m.    repentance
       t("o)vbe t("o)vbe   taubah taubah:  intj.   Heaven forbid!
telhin  tauheen:        A       n.f.    disgrace/contempt/defamation/dishonor/insult
  taiyaar:        P       adj.    ready/prepared/finished/alert/ripe
  teer:           P       n.m.    arrow
tez  tez:            P       adj.    sharp/keen/caustic/pungent/swift/clever
  tegh:           P       n.m.    sword/dagger
################################################################################
                                        Te
                                        --
  Taan.g:         H       n.f.    the leg/a share
  Tapaknaa:       H       v.      to leak/to drip/to fall down (fruits)
  Takkar:         H       n.f.    collision/encounter/rivalry/competition
  TukRaa:         H       n.m.    a piece/a morsel/a part/fraction
  TooT:           H       n.f.    breaking/fracture/loss
  Thikaanaa:      H       n.m.    fixed abode/proper place/goal/limit
  ThanD:          H       n.f.    cold/chill
  Thokar:         H       n.f.    obstacle/kick/stumble
terhis  TeRh:           H       n.f.    crookedness
   T  release from the obligatory military service
################################################################################
                                        se
                                        --
sabit  saabit:         A       adj.    confirmed/established/fixed/stable
Sabit  saabit:         A       n.m.    a fixed star
  saaqib:         A       adj.    shining brightly/splendid/sublime
sebat  sabaat:         A       n.m.    stability/endurance/resolution/constancy
  sabt:           A       n.m.    permanence/a seal/writing
  suboot:         A       n.m.    evidence/proof/conviction/constancy/stability
  saarwat:        A       n.f.    wealth/power/influence
sera?  saraa:          A       n.m.    the earth
   T  green house
  siqaafat:       A       n.f.    culture
  siqaalat:       A       n.f.    burden/weight
(,s)ikayet? siqaahat:       A       n.f.    reliability/trustworthiness
     T complaint
sevap  sawaab:         A       n.m.    reward/recompense
  sawaabit:       A       n.m.    the fixed stars (plu. of saabit)
################################################################################
                                        jeem
                                        ----
cadI?  jaadu:          P       n.m.    magic/conjuring/charm/effect of evil spirits
   T bitch
cazip  jaazib:         A       adj.    alluring/attractive
cari  jaaree:         A       adj.    running/flowing/current/continuing
  jaagir:         P       n.f.    a fief
  jaam:           P       n.m.    goblet
can  jaan:           P       n.f.    soul/life/mind/vigor/sweetheart/beloved
jaanee:         P       adj.    of or relating to life
cani?  jaanee:         P       n.m.    a beloved/a lover
   T felon, criminal
cahil  jaahil:         A       adj.    ignorant/illiterate/barbarous
  jaa'edaad:      P       n.f.    property/estate/assets
caiz  jaa'iz:         H       adj.    legal/permitted
  jabeen.:        P       n.f.    the forehead
  judaa:          P       adj.    separate/apart/asunder/peculiar
  judaaee:        P       adj.    separation/absence
cazibe  jazb:           A       n.m.    allurement/attraction
cezbeze  jazbah:         A       n.m.    passion/rage/desire/feeling
c("u)r("u)m jurm:           A       n.m.    crime/guilt
  jurmaanah:      P       n.m.    fine/penalty
  justjoo:        P       n.f.    search/inquiry
cisim  jism:           A       n.m.    body
  jashn:          P       n.m.    a feast/celebration
  ja'l:           A       n.f.    counterfeit
cefa  jafaa:          P       n.f.    oppression/injustice/injury
ciher  jigar:          P       n.m.    liver/heart/soul/mind
celal  jalaal:         A       n.m/f.  splendor/majesty
  jalwah:         A       n.m.    lustre/splendour/display/show
Cemal  jamaal:         A       n.m.    beauty/elegance
Cenap  janaab:         A       intj.   sir!/your honor!
cenaze  janaazah:       A       n.m.    corpse/funeral
c("u)mb("u)(,s) jumbish:        P       n.f.    movement
cennet  jannat:         A       n.f.    paradise/garden
cenk  jang:           P       n.f.    battle/war
  junoon:         A       n.m.    madness/insanity
cevap  jawaab:         A       n.m.    answer/equal/parallel/match
civan  jawaan:         P       adj.    young/youth
Cevahir  jawaahir:       A       n.m.    jewls/gems (plu. of jauhar)
  josh:           P       n.m.    heat/zeal/enthusiasm/passion/lust
cihaz?  jahaaz:         A       n.m.    ship/vessel
   T  instrument
cihan  jahaan:         P       n.m.    the world
cehennem jahaannum:      A       n.f.    hell
civan  jeewan:         H       n.m.    life/existence
################################################################################
                                        che
                                        ---
(,c)are  chaarah:        P       n.m.    remedy/cure/help/aid/resource
  chaadar:        P       n.f.    a sheet/veil/waterfall
  chaaq:          T       adj.    active/alert/healthy/fat/hale and hearty
(,c)akI  chaaqoo:        P       n.m.    a small knife
(,c)alIm chaal:          H       n.f.    gait/walk/custom/trick/strategem
  chaalaak:       P       adj.    clever/expert/cunning/nimble
  chaan.d:        H       n.m.    the moon
  chaan.dani:     H       n.f.    moonlight
  chaan.di:       H       n.f.    silver/wealth
  chaah:          H       n.f.    desire/love/affection/need/choice
  chitwan:        H       n.f.    look/glance/appearance
  charaagh:       P       n.m.    lamp
  charaagaah:     P       n.f.    meadow/pasture
  chust:          P       adj.    alert/active/clever/quick/tight
  cashm:          P       n.f.    eye/hope
        i  chasm-e-baddoor:intj.   God preserve from evil eyes!
          chashm-o-chiraagh:n.m.  light of the eye/dearly beloved
  chasmak:        P       n.m.    wink/winking/misunderstanding/spectacles
  chakaan.:       P       adj.    dropping/distilling
  chilman:        H       n.m.    a venetian blind
  chamak:         H       n.f.    glitter/splendour/flash/gleam
  chaman:         P       n.m.    flower garden
  chand:          P       adj.    how many/how much/few/how often/how long
  chah:           P       suff.   used to form dimunitives
  chehraa:        P       n.m.    face/visage/a mask
  cheez:          P       n.f.    thing/commodity
  chain:          H       n.m.    ease/comfort/rest/peace
Word beginning with baRi he/khe
################################################################################
                                     baRi he
                                     -------
hatim?  Haatim:         A       n.m.    generous (derived from Haatim Tai)
hadise  Haadisah:       A       n.m.    accident/occurence/calamity/misfortune
hazIr  Haazir:         A       adj.    present/ready/in attendance
hakim  Haakim:         A       n.m.    ruler/governor/judge/an official
hal  Haal:           A       n.m.    state/condition/narrative/circumstance
halet  Haalat:         A       n.f.    condition/state/circumstance (plu. Haalaat)
  Hubb:           A       n.f.    love/friendship/desire/affection/wish
Habip  Habeeb:         A       n.m.    beloved/sweetheart/comrade/friend
hicap  Hijaab:         A       n.m.    veil/modesty/bashfulness/night
hat?  Hadd:           A       n.f.    boundary/limit
   T  line
  Hadd:           A       adv.    very/at most/utmost point
hiddet?  Hiddat:         A       n.f.    sharpness/fury/acrimony/poignancy
      T fury
  Hads:           A       n.m.    novelty/innovation
hudut  Hudood:         A       n.m/f.  boundaries/penal laws
hiza  Hizaaqat:       A       n.m.    Intelligence/wisdom
   T hizaya gelmek: to come to an agreable point of opinion, begin to act reasonably
  Haraarat:       A       n.f.    heat/fever/ardor/fervor/zeal
haram  Haraam:         A       adj.    unlawful/forbidden
hIrs  Hirs:           A       n.f.    eager/greediness/desire/ambition
h("u)rriyet Hoorriyat:      A       n.f.    emancipation/freedom
hazIm?  Hazm:           A       n.m.    firmness of mind/resolve
   T to digest
h("u)z("u)n Huzn:           A       n.m.    grief/sadness/sorrow
  Hisaab:         A       n.m.    reckoning/account/computation/rate/sense
hasret  Hasrat:         A       n.f.    regret/intense sorrow/desire/longing
H("u)sniye Husn:           A       n.f.    beauty/elegance
Hasan  Haseen:         A       adj.    beautiful/elegant/charming/handsome
Ha(,s)met Hashmat:        A       n.f.    state/dignity/pomp/retinue
hisar  Hisaar:         A       n.m.    fort/enclosure/fence
husul  Husool:         A       n.m.    acquisition/profit/advantage/achievement
hisse  Hissah:         A       n.m.    share/portion/lot
Hazret  Hazrat:         A       n.m.    dignity/a title of respect
huzur  Huzoor:         A       n.m.    presence of superior authority
  Huzoor:         A       intj.   Your Highness!
  Hifaazat:       A       n.f.    guarding/security/safety
hak  Haqq:           A       adj.    just/truth/right
hakikat  Haqeeqat:       A       n.f.    truth/reality/narration/condition
h("u)k("u)m Hukm:           A       n.m.    order/decree/statute/law
hikmet  Hikmat:         A       n.f.    wisdom/knowledge/cleverness/device
hakim?  Hakeem:         A       n.m.    wise man/doctor/philosopher
   T judge
hel(^a)l Halaal:         A       adj.    legal/permitted
himayet  Himaayat:       A       n.f.    protection/patronage/support/defence
hamle  Hamlah:         A       n.m.    attack/assault/invasion
heves?  Hawaas:         A       n.m.    the senses
   T  natural inclination-or wish to do sth(art, profession etc)
havale  Hawaalah:       A       n.m.    charge/custody/care
hor g("o)rme? Hoor:           A       n.f.    virgin of Paradise/nymph
   T  hor g("o)rme garibi: do not treat him/her unjustly
  Hausalah:       A       n.m.    capacity/courage/spirit/resolution/desire
haya  Hayaa:          A       n.f.    modesty/shame
hayat  Hayaat:         A       n.f.    life/existence
haysiyet? Haiseeyat:      A       n.f.    rank/capacity/merit/status/prestige
   T pride, self respect
hayran  Hairaan:        A       adj.    amazed/confounded/perplexed/worried
################################################################################
                                        khe
                                        ---
has  khaas:          A       adj.    special/particular/private/noble/unmixed
hatIr  khaatir:        A       n.f.    the heart/mind/memory/sake/behalf/choice/favor
hak?  khaak:          P       n.f.    dust/earth/ashes
   T right
halis  khaalis:        A       adj.    pure/genuine/sincere(friend)
ham  khaam:          P       adj.    raw/green/inexpert/immature/vain
  khaamosh:       P       adj.    silent
Handan  khaandaan:      P       n.m.    family/lineage/dynasty
hanIm  khaanum:        P       n.f.    lady/princess/wife
hane  khaanah:        P       n.m.    house/room/compartment/partition
haber  khabar:         A       n.f.    news/information/report/rumor/notice
hatim?  khatm:          A       n.m.    conclusion/seal
hatmetmek? khatm:          A       adj.    finished/done
 T  study to the utmost level
  khajaalat:      A       n.m.    shame/bashfulness
  khajaalat:      P       adj.    happy/auspicious/blessed
h(^u)da? khuda:          P       n.m.    God
hidamet  khidmat:        A       n.f.    service/office/duty
   T hidamet-i vatani:  The family of soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the Ottoman
                        Empire got this statute and the salary (also during the Turkish Republic)
harap  kharaab:        A       adj.    bad/depraved/ruined/spoiled/wretched/obscene
h("u)rrem khurram:        P       adj.    happy
  khareed:        P       n.f.    purchase
hazan  khazaan.:       P       n.f.    autumn/decay/old age
hazine  khizaanah:      P       n.m.    treasury/treasure
hasta?  khastah:        P       adj.    wounded/broken/sorrowful
   T  sick person, patient
  khushk:         P       adj.    dry/withered/cynic
hat  khatt:          A       n.m.    letter/note/mark
hata  khataa:         A       n.f.    mistake/slio/oversight/error
hutbe  khutbah:        A       n.m.    sermon/oration/introduction
  khatrah:        A       n.m.    danger/fear/risk
  khafaa:         A       n.f.    concealment/secrecy
  khafaa:         P       adj.    angry/displeased
  khalaas:        A       n.m.    deliverance/redemption/freedom
hilaf  khilaaf:        A       n.m.    opposition/contraiety/falsehood
  khilaaf:        A       prep.   against
  khalish:        P       n.f.    prick/pain/anxiety/apprehension
kumar  khumaar:        A       n.m.    intoxication
han(,c)er khanjar:        A       n.m.    dagger
  khwaab:         P       n.m.    sleep/dream
  khwaar:         P       adj.    wretched/deserted/friendless/poor
  khwaahish:      P       n.f.    desire/request/demand
  khoob:          P       adj.    good/excellent/beautiful/amiable
  khood:          P       n./adj. self/private/personal/own
  khoodi:         P       n.f.    egotism/vanity/presence of mind
Hur(,s)id khoorsheed:     P       n.m.    sun
ho(,s)  khoosh:         P       adj.    pleasing/happy
kan  khoon:          P       n.m.    blood/murder
  khiyaaban:      P       n.m.    flower-bed/flower garden
hayal  khayaal:        A       n.m.    thought/imagination/opinion/care/respect
  khair:          A       adj.    good/best
  khair:          A       adv.    very well
  khair:          A       n.f.    welfare/happiness
################################################################################
                                        daal
                                        ----
dahil?  daakhil:        A       adj.    entering
   T included
  daad:           P       n.m.    justice/appeal/revenge/praise
  daar:           P       n.f.    gallows/a piece of wood
  daar:           P       suff.   having/holding
  daar:           A       n.m.    house/country
dara?  daaraa:         P       n.m.    holder/sovereign/king
   T  the weight of the cup which has to be reduced from the total weight(in case of buying milk etc)
  daaru:          H       n.f.    alcohol
dari?  daaru:          P       n.f.    medicine/remedy
   T some sort of grass (like grain)
destan  daastaan:       P       n.f.    story/fable/tale
  daagh:          P       n.m.    scar/blemish/stain/calamity/grief/loss
  daam:           P       n.m.    net/snare
  daam:           H       n.m.    price/value
  daaman:         P       n.m.    skirt/foot of a mountain/a lap
dana?  daanaa:         P       adj.    wise/learned
   T  calf
  daanistah:      P       adv.    knowingly
danI(,s)mak daanish:        P       n.f.    knowledge/science/learning
    T consult
daima  daa'im:         A       adj.    perpetual/permanent
dahil?  dakhl:          A       n.m.    entrance/access/reach/skill
   T  included
  dar:            P       n.m.    door/gate/entrance
  dar:            P       prep.   in/into/within/to/about/by
  durr:           A       n.m.    pearl
  daraaz:         P       adj.    long/tall/extended
  darbaar:        P       n.m.    court (royal)
  darkhwaasht:    P       n.f.    request/petition/appeal
dert  dard:           P       n.m.    pain/affliction/sympathy/compassion
ders?  dars:           H       n.m.    sight/view/look
   T lesson
d("u)r("u)st durust:         P       adj.    right/proper/well/safe/precise
  durusht:        P       adj.    rough/hard/rigid/oppressive/fierce
  darmiyan:       P       n.m.    middle/midst/interval
  darwaazah:      P       n.m.    door/gate
derya  darya:          P       n.m.    a large river/sea
  duzd:           P       n.m.    thief
destur  dastoor:        P       n.m.    custom/usage/manner/rule
d("u)(,s)man dushman:        P       n.m.    enemy
  dushnaam:       P       n.f.    abuse/invective
  dushwaar:       P       adj.    difficult
dua  du'aa:          A       n.f.    blessing/prayer/wish
davet  da'wat:         A       n.f.    invitation/banquet
dava  da'waa:         A       n.m.    claim/law suit/charge/demand/accusation
  daghaa:         P       n.f.    deceit/treachery/delusion
defa  daf'a:          A       n.f.    time/turn/section/class
defn  dafn:           A       n.m.    burial/concealment
dikkat  diqqat:         A       n.f.    difficulty/intricacy/minute point
  dil:            P       n.m.    heart/soul/courage/generosity/wish
          dil aawar:      adj.    brave/valiant
       dilber   dilbar:         adj.    lovely/sweetheart
          dil band:       adj.    charming/attractive
          dil chasp:      adj.    interesting/pleasing/delightful
       dilk(^a)re dil kharaash:   adj.    heart rending
          dil daar:       adj.    charming/beloved
          dil daar:       n.m.    sweetheart
          dil daari:      n.f.    consolation
          dil doz:        adj.    heart-piercing
          dil rubaa:      adj.    fascinating/alluring
          dil rubaa:      adj.    fascinating/alluring
          dil rubaa:      n.m.    sweetheart
          dil sokhtah:    adj.    grieved/suffering
          dil soz:        adj.    touching/pathetic/passionate/ardent
          dil shaad:      adj.    cheerful
          dil fareb:      adj.    charming/alluring/enticing/beautiful
          dil figaar:     adj.    melancholy
        dilke(,s) dil kash:       adj.    attractive/winning
          dil geer:       adj.    melancholy
          dil lagi:       n.f.    amusement/diversion
          dil nawaaz:     adj.    soothing (the mind)
  dilaasaa:       P       n.m.    consolation/encouragement
  dam:            P       n.m.    breath/vitality/moment/edge of a sword
dima(^g) dimaagh:        A       n.m.    brain/intellect/airs/conceit
d("u)nya dunyaa:         A       n.f.    world/worldly goods
deva  dawaa:          A       n.m.    medicine
dar  door:           P       adj.    distant/remote/far
daire  daur:           A       n.m.    revolving/period/cycle/orbit
dost  dost:           P       n.m.    friend/lover
devlet  daulat:         A       n.f.    riches/fortune/happiness/cause/means
diyar  diyaar:         A       n.m.    country/region
didar?  deedaar:        P       n.m.    sight/interview
  deedah:         P       n.m.    the eye
din  deen:           A       n.m.    faith/religion
  deewaar:        P       n.f.    a wall
divane  deewaanah:      P       n.m.    madman
################################################################################
                                        Daal
                                        ----
  Daabar:         H       n.m.    lake/pond/water pot
  Daakaa:         H       n.m.    robbery
dar?  Dar:            H       n.m.    fear
    T ba(,s)I darda olmak: to be in trouble
  Dagar:          H       n.f.    path/road
################################################################################
                                        zaal
                                        ----
z(^a)t  zaat:           A       n.f.    being endowed with/soul/self/caste/race
z(^a)t-i zaati:          A       adj.    innate/inherent/essential/natural
  zaakir:         A       adj.    remembering/grateful
  zaakir:         A       n.m.    grateful person/obe who praises God
zikir  zikr:           A       n.m.    remembrance/memory/Qur'an recital
zillet?  zillaat:        A       n.f.    insult/dishonor/affront/abjectness
  zaleel:         A       adj.    abject/base/wretched/contemptible
  zauq:           A       n.m.    taste
cin?  zehn:           A       n.m.    acumen/wit/sagacity/understanding
   T cin gibi: witty, intelligent
################################################################################
                                        re
                                        --
rahat  raaHat:         A       n.f.    rest/repose/comfort/tranquility/ease
  raaz:           P       n.m.    mystery/secret
  raast:          P       adj.    true/honest/straight/even/level
  raastah:        P       n.m.    path/road/manner
razI  raazi:          A       adj.    willing/satisfied/agreed/pleased
  raah:           P       n.f.    road/pathcustom/journey/method
        rehber  raah bar:       n.m.    a guide
          raah numaa:     n.m.    conductor/leader/guide
rab  rabb:           A       n.m.    creator/god
rahim  rahm:           A       n.m.    mercy/pity/compassion/kindness/tenderness
ruh  rukh:           P       n.m.    face/cheek/side/point
  rukhsaar:       P       n.m.    face/cheek/complexion/aspect
  rukhsat:        A       n.f.    leave/permission/dismissal/indulgence
red  radd:           A       n.m.    rejection/repulsion/returning
  razm:           P       n.m.    war/battle
resim  rasm:           A       n.f.    marking/writing/established usage/model/law
  rasan:          P       n.f.    rope/string/cord
r("u)(s)va ruswaa:         A       adj.    infamous/dishonored/disgraced
resul  rasool:         A       n.m.    a prophet
eri(,s)te rishtah:        P       n.m.    thread/line/relationship/kinship/alliance
  rashk:          P       n.m.    jealousy/envy/malice/spite
rahbet  raghbat:        P       n.f.    strong desire/esteem/pleasure
  raftaar:        P       n.f.    speed/pace/walk/motion
rafineri rafi':          A       adj.    high/sublime/exalted
Refik  rafeeq:         A       n.m.    friend/ally
raks  raqs:           A       n.m.    dance/dancing
rakip  raqeeb:         A       n.m.    rival/competitor
  ran.j:          P       n.m.    grief/sorrow/trouble/inconvience
rencide  ran.jish:       P       n.m.    grief/indignation/misunderstanding/anguish
renk  ran.g:          P       n.m.    color/dye/fashion/enjoyment
Rengin  ran.geen:       P       adj.    colored/lively/elegant/flowery/figurative
revani?  rawaanah:       P       adj.    despatched/proceeding
  T  a sweet type of food
ruh  rooH:           A       n.f.    soul/spirit/life/essence/divine revelation
horoz?  roz:            P       n.m.    a day
   T rooster
  roz:            P       adj.    daily
  rozah:          P       n.m.    a fast
  raushan/roshan: P       adj.    light/illuminated/bright/clear/splendid
  raunaq:         A       n.f.    lustre/beauty/elegance/freshness
  resham:         P       n.m.    silk
################################################################################
                                        Re
                                        --
        This letter does not occur as the first letter of a word and hence
        there are no entries. The letter has the sound of a hardened 'r'
        and is often used interchangeably with Daal.
################################################################################
                                        ze
                                        --
  zaar:           P       n.m.    weeping/lamentation/garden/desire/wish
zebani?  zabaan:         P       n.f.    tongue/language/flame (of a candle)
  zabar:          P       n.m.    above/superior/greater/top
          zabardast:      adj.    vigorous/violent/tyrranical/superior
zahmet  zaHmat:         A       n.f.    uneasiness of mind/trouble/pain
  zakhm:          P       n.m.    wound/damage/loss
zede?  zadah:          P       adj.    struck/stricken/oppressed
   T kazazede: survivor of an accident or a bad event
  zar:            P       n.m.    gold
  zukaam:         A       n.m.    cold
z("u)lf  zulf:           P       n.f.    curl/ringlet/tress
zamane  zamaanah:       P       n.m.    time/age/period
zemin  zameen:         P       n.f.    ground/earth
zincir  zanjeer:        P       n.f.    chain
zindan  zindaan:        P       n.m.    prison/jail
  zindagi:        P       n.f.    life/living/existence
zinde  zindah:         P       adj.    alive/living
zinhar  zinhaar:        P       adv.    never/by no means
  zinhaar:        P       intj.   beware!
  zood:           P       adv.    quickly/soon/suddenly
zor?  zor:            P       n.m.    force/strength/power/influence/stress
   T difficult
zahire?  zahr:           P       n.m.    poison
ziyade  ziyaadah:       P       adj.    too much/more/excessive
ziyaret  ziyaarat:       A       n.f.    pilgrimage/visit (a shrine)
zebani?  zebaa:          P       adj.    adorned/beautiful/proper/graceful
z(^a)nat? zeenat:         A       n.f.    decoration/beauty
    T art, profession
################################################################################
                                        zhe
                                        ---
  zhaalah:        P       n.m.    hail/dew/frost
  zharf:          P       n.m.    deep/penetrating/acute of mind
Julide  zholeedah:      P       adj.    dishevelled/entangled/intricate
ziyan?  zhiyaan:        P       adj.    terrible/furious/angry/rapacious
    T  vainly loss of sthg
################################################################################
                                        seen
                                        ----
  saajan:         H       n.m.    lover/sweetheart/beloved
  saaHir:         A       n.m.    magician
sahil  saaHil:         A       n.m.    shore/beach
sade  saadah:         P       adj.    simple/plain/candid/sincere
saz  saaz:           P       n.m.    apparatus/equipment/concord
  saazish:        P       n.f.    conspiracy/intrigue/collusion
saki  saaqee:         A       n.m.    cup-bearer/page/beloved
  saal:           P       n.m.    year
Salim  saalim:         A       adj.    safe/sound/perfect/whole
  saamaan:        P       n.m.    apparatus/custom/understanding/power
zaman: time
  saan.ch:        H       n.f.    truth/reality
sancI: pain
  saan.s:         H       n.m./f. breath/sigh
sair  saa'ir:         A       n.m.    thw whole/the rest/wandering/walking/tax/duty
siyah?  saayah:         P       n.m.    shadow/shade/shelter/apparition
  T black
sebep  sabab:          A       n.m.    cause/reason
  sabaq:          A       n.m.    lesson/lecture/advancing
  subuk:          P       adj.    light/delicate/trivial/frivolous/futile
SItare  sitaarah:       P       n.m.    star
  sitaan.:        P       adj.    taking/seizing
sitem?  sitam:          P       n.m.    oppression/tyranny/injustice/violence
   T complaint
secde  sajdah:         A       n.m.    prostration
seher  saHar:          A       n.m.    dawn/morning
sert  sakht:          P       adj.    hard/firm/cruel/harsh/vehement
  sukhan:         P       n.m.    speech/words/business/affair
          sukhan war:     adj.    eloquence
  sar:            P       n.m.    head/top/pinnacle/origin/chief/desire
          sar afraaz:     adj.    exalted
          sar bastah:     adj.    hidden/secret
          sar basar:      adv.    wholly/entirely
        serb("ulend) sar buland:     adj.    eminent/glorious
        Sertap  sar taabee:     n.f.    rebellion
        Serta(,c) sar taaj:       n.m.    chief/leader
          sar-e dast:     adv.    at present/immediately
          sar-e raah:     adv.    on the road
       serzaman  sar zameen:     n.f.    country/limits/region
          sar-e shaam:    n.f.    about evening/evening
          sar-o saamaan:  n.m.    necessities/furniture/luggage
s("u)rai siraaj:         A       n.m.    lamp/candle/sun
  surkh:          P       adj.    red
serd  sard:           P       adj.    cold/damp/dull/dead
  suroor:         A       n.m.    pleasure/joy/exhilaration
Seza  sazaa:          P       n.f.    correction/punishment/requital
  sust:           P       adj.    loose/frail/lazy/slow/dull
  sifaarish:      P       n.f.    recommendation
sefer  safar:          A       n.m.    journey
  safed:          P       adj.    white
sekte  saktah:         P       n.m.    trance/swoon/pause
s(^u)kut sukoot:         A       n.f.    silence/peace/rest/tranquility
s(^u)kun sukoon:         A       n.m.    peace/rest/tranquility
sel(^a)m salaam:         A       n.m.    salutation/peace/safety/compliment
silsile  silsilah:       A       n.m.    chain/series/pedigree/genealogy
  saleeqah:       A       n.m.    good disposition/good taste/mode/skill
  sang:           P       n.m.    stone/weight
sene  sanh:           A       n.m.    year/era
  siwaa:          P       adv.    except/save/but/besides
Seval  sawaal:         A       n.m.    question/petition/application/request/demand
  saudaa:         P       n.m.    trade/marketing/goods
s("o)z ? soz:            P       n.m.    burning/passion/vexation
   T spoken word or words
  saugand:        P       n.m.    oath
Suna  soona:          H       adj.    void/empty/desolate/lonely
siyah  siyaah:         P       adj.    black/dark/unfortunate/bad
  sair:           A       n.f.    walk/excursion/recreation/amusement
  seerat:         A       n.m.    quality/nature/disposition
  sailaab:        A/P     n.m.    flood/deluge/torrent
sine  seenah:         P       n.m.    chest/bosom
################################################################################
                                        sheen
                                        -----
sabah(morning) shaabaash:      P       intj.   bravo! well done! (contr. of shaadbaash)
  shaakh:         P       n.f.    branch/bough/dilemma/difficulty/objection
(,S)ADi  shaad:          P       adj.    happy/cheerful/delighted
  shaadaab:       P       adj.    full of water/fresh/agreeable/verdant
(,s)air  shaa'ir:        A       n.m.    poet
(,s)ehir? shaagird:       P       n.m.    pupil/apprentice/servant
  shaam:          P       n.f.    evening
(,S)amil shaamil:        A       adj.    including/comprising/connected/mingled/common
han  shaan:          A       n.f.    dignity/glory/grandeur
(,s)ah  shaah:          P       n.m.    king/prince/monarch
          shaahtir:       n.m.    a beam/roof support
        (,s)ehzade shahzaadah:     n.m.    prince
(,s)ayet? shaayad:        P       adv.    perhaps/probably
      T if
  shab:           P       n.f.    night
        (,S)eb-("u)l bahir shab bakhair:   intj.   goodnight!
        (,S)ebnem shabnam:        n.f.    dew
  shabaab:        A       n.m.    youth
  shabeenah:      P       adj.    nocturnal
(,s)("u)da shujaa':        A       adj.    brave
  shakhs:         A       n.m.    a person/individual/being/body
(,s)arap sharaab:        A       n.f.    wine/liquor
  sharaarah:      A       n.m.    spark/gleam/flash
(,s)eref sharaafat:      A       n.f.    nobility/civility/good manners
(,s)art  shart:          A       n.f.    condition/agreement/wager
  sharm:          P       n.f.    shame/modesty
a(,s)ure? shuroo':        A       n.m.    beginning
(,s)erif shareef:        A       adj.    noble/eminent/honorable
(,s)iir  shi'r:          A       n.m.    verse/couplet
(,S)ule  shu'lah:        A       n.m.    flame/blaze/flash/light
(,s)uur  shu'oor:        A       n.m.    wisdom/intellect
(,s)efkat shafaqat:       A       n.f.    kindeness/compassion/mercy
  shakk:          A       n.m.    doubt/suspense/hesitation
a(,s)ika(^a)r? shikaar:        P       n.m.    hunting/prey
   T easy to understand, clear, lucid
(,s)ikayet shikaayat:      A       n.f.    complaint/accusation/illness
(,s)("u)k("u)r shukr:          A       n.m.    gratitude
(,s)ekil shakl:          A       n.f.    form/appearance/model/image/diagram
  shikwah:        A/P     n.m.    complaint/chiding
kumar?  shumaar:        P       n.m.    counting/numbering/estimation/account
  shams:          A       n.m.    the sun
  shamsher:       P       n.f.    sword
  shama':         A       n.f.    lamp/candle
Sina  shinaas:        P       adj.    knowing/acquainted with/intelligence
(,s)ok  shokh:          P       adj.    playful/mischievous/bold/insolent
  shor:           P       n.m.    noise/outcry/tumult/clamor/ardor
  shauq:          A       n.m.    taste/fondness/desire/interest
  shahd:          P       n.m.    honey
(,s)ehir shahr:          P       n.m.    city
  shuhrat:        A       n.f.    renown/fame/rumor
(,s)ehit shaheed:        A       n.m.    martyr
  shaikh:         A       n.m.    elder
  shekhi:         A       n.f.    bragging
  sher:           P       n.m.    lion/tiger/brave man
(,s)irin shireen:        P       adj.    sweet/pleasant/gentle
(,s)i(,s)e shishah:        P       n.m.    glass/bottle/glass pane
(,s)eytan shaitaan:       A       n.m.    satan/devil/demon
################################################################################
                                        saad
                                        ----
sahip  saahib:         A       n.m.    master/lord/ruler/companion/title
saf  saaf:           A       adj.    clean/pure/innocent/clear/legible/plain
sabah  subH:           A       n.f.    morning/dawn
sabIr  sabr:           A       n.m.    patience/endurance/submission/suffering
(,s)ube? suHbat:         A       n.f.    companionship/society/conversation
   T branch (as in bank branch)
Sahra  saHraa:         A       n.m.    plain/desert
sahi  saHeeH:         A       adj.    right/correct/genuine/sound/pure/just
sedir?  sadr:           A       n.m.    chest/bosom/chief
sademe  sadmah:         A       n.m.    shock/blow/calamity/collision/suffering
sIrf  sirf:           A       adj.    only/mere/sheer
sIrf  sirf:           A       adv.    purely/exclusively
sebat  sa'oobat:       A       n.f.    difficulty/hardship
sel(^a)? salaaH:         A       n.f.    peace/treaty/integrity/advice/counsel
Senem  sanam:          A       n.m.    idol/sweetheart/mistress
surat?  surat:          A       n.f.    form/figure/countenance/aspect/manner/plight
   T face
################################################################################
                                        zaad
                                        ----
z(^a)bit zaabit:         A       n.m.    governor/master/possessor
  zaabit:         A       adj.    strict/punctual/patient/disciplinarian
  zaabitah:       A       n.m.    rule/custom/canon/law/code
zemin  zaamin:         A       n.m.    sponsor/surety/guarantor
zai  zaa'i:          A       adj.    lost/destroyed/wasted/fruitless
zIt  zidd:           A       n.f.    the contrary/opposition/stubborness
darp  zarb:           A       n.f.    injury/beating/impression (plu. zarbaat)
zarar  zarar:          A       n.m.    injury/damage/harm/affliction/loss/ruin
zaruri  zaroor:         A       adj.    necessary/expedient/needful
  zaroor:         A       adv.    certainly/absolutely
  zaroorat:       A       n.f.    need/compulsion/want/exigency
zayIf  zu'f:           A       n.m.    weakness/feebleness
  za'if:          A       adj.    weak/infirm/feeble/old/faint
  zalaal:         A       n.m.    error/fault/vice
  zamaanat:       A       n.f.    surety/bond
  zameer:         A       n.f.    mind/heart/thought/reflection/sense
  zau:            A       n.f.    light/sunlight
Ziy(^a)  ziyaa:          A       n.f.    light/splendour/brilliancy
  zeeq:           A       n.f.    anguish/melancholy/
################################################################################
                                        to-e
                                        ----
tab(iat) taab:           A       adj.    sweet/agreeable/pure/excellent
  taa'at:         A       n.f.    obedience/devotion (plu. taa'aat)
tak  taaq:           A       n.m.    arch/cupola/niche
takat  taaqat:         A       n.f.    strength/power/might
talip  taalib:         A       n.m.    seeker/enquirer/lover/candidate
tabiat  tabi'at:        A       n.f.    nature/temperament/disposition
tapan?  tapaan.:        P       adj.    palpitating/throbbing
    T ta(,s)a tapmak: believe-pray to stones
  tarh:           A       n.m.    manner/mode/form/design/plan
tarz  tarz:           A       n.m.    manner/fashion/way
taraf  taraf:          A       n.f.    side/margin/direction
tarikat? tariqah:        A       n.m.    method/custom/path/way
   T sect
tan(yeri) ta'n:           A       n.m.    blame/reproach/censure/chide
  talaaq:         A       n.f.    divorce/repudiation
talep  talab:          A       n.f.    search/inquiry//wish/demand/request
tavIr  taur:           A       n.m.    manner/condition/mode/state
tufan  toofaan:        A       n.m.    storm/tempest/hurricane
Tayyar  taiyyaar:       A       adj.    ready
################################################################################
                                        zo-e
                                        ----
zalim  zaalim:         A       n.m.    tyrant/oppressor
zahir  zaahir:         A       adj.    manifest/clear/evident
zahire?  zaahiraa:       A       adv.    outwardly/manifestly
zarif  zarif:          A       adj.    witty/subtle/fine
zafer  zafar:          A       n.m.    victory/triumph/gain
zulum  zulm:           A       n.m     oppression/tyranny
zan  zann:           A       n.m.    suspicion
zahir?  zaheer:         A       n.m.    ally/associate
################################################################################
                                        ain
                                        ---
aciz  'aajiz:         A       adj.    powerless/weak/helpless/dejected
(^a)det  'aadat:         A       n.f.    custom/habit/usage/practice/manner
(^a)dil  'aadil:         A       adj.    just/sincere/righteous
azim  'aazim:         A       adj.    determined/resolute
a(,s)Ik  'aashiq:        A       n.m.    lover/suitor
akibet  'aaqibat:       A       n.f.    end/conclusion/future life
  'aaqibat:       A       adv.    finally/at last
akIl  'aaqil:         A       adj.    wise/sensible
alem  'aalam:         A       n.m.    world/universe/regions/public/beauty/period
alim  'aalim:         A       adj.    learned/wise/intelligent
ali  'aali:          A       adj.    high/sublime/exalted/grand
avam  'aam:           A       adj.    common/public/general/ordinary (plu. 'awaamm)
ibadet  'ibaadat:       A       n.f.    prayers/devotion
ibaret?  'ibaarat:       A       n.f.    composition/style/diction
  'abas:          A       adj.    useless/profitless/trifling/idle
Abdi  'abd:           A       n.m.    slave/servant of God
ibret  'ibrat:         A       n.f.    warning/admonition
  'itaab:         A       n.m.    rebuke/reproach/anger/displeasure
acaba?  'ajab:          A       n.m.    wonder/astonishment
   T maybe
  'ajab:          A       adj.    wonderful/amazing/strange/rare
  'ajeeb:         A       adj.    wonderful/surprising/rare/admirable/unique
adalet  'adaalat:       A       n.f.    court of justice/tribunal/justice/law
  'adam:          A       n.m.    non-existence/nothing/annihilation
azap  'azaab:         A       n.m.    torment/pain/punishment
ar(,s)  'arsh:          A       n.m.    roof/canopy/highest heaven
arz  'arz:           A       n.f.    petition/request/exposition/review
irfan  'irfaan:        A       n.m.    knowledge/science/wisdom
huru(,c)? 'urooj:         A       n.m.    ascension/rising/exaltation
  T a type of military operation in oder to overcome a siege
("u)ryan 'uryaan:        A       n.m.    naked/bare/devoid
izzet?  'izzat:         A       n.f.    honor/esteem/glory/reputation
   izzet ikram etmek T treat hospitality
Aziz  'azeez:         A       adj.    dear/beloved/honored/respected/worthy
i(,s)ret? 'ishrat:        A       n.f.    pleasure/enjoyment/mirth/society
i(,s)ve  'ishq:          A       n.m.    love/excessive passion
  'atr:           A       n.m.    perfume
atIf?  'atf:           A       n.m.    kindness/favor/affection/present
   T allusion
Azim(et) 'azeem:         A       adj.    great/high in dignity/large
iffet  'iffat:         A       n.f.    purity/chastity
akIl  'aql:           A       n.m.    intellect/reason/knowledge
akibet?  'uqoobat:       A       n.f.    punishment/torment/torture
ila(,c)  'ilaaj:         A       n.m.    cure/treatment/antidote
  'ilaaqah:       A       n.m.    jurisdiction/area/tenure
illet  'illat:         A       n.f.    fault/defect/bad habit/illness/pretext/basis
ilim  'ilm:           A       n.m.    knowledge/science/doctrine
alim?  'aleem:         A       adj.    wise/learned
  T scientist
imaret  'imaarat:       A       n.f.    building/edifice
umur  'umr:           A       n.f.    age/life-time/span of life
  'amalan:        A       adv.    practically/truly
inat  'inaad:         A       n.m.    enmity/obstinacy
avam  'awaam:         A       n.m.    populace/common people (plu. of 'aam)
FIrat  'aurat:         A       n.f.    woman/wife/nudity
ayya(,s)? 'aiyaash:       A       adj.    luxurious/rakish/addicted to pleasure
  T drunken
  'aish:          A       n.m.    pleasure/delight/luxury
################################################################################
                                        ghain
                                        -----
galip  ghaalib:        A       adj.    victorious/predominant
  ghaalib:        A       adv.    often/likely/most probably
gaip  ghaa'ib:        A       adj.    hidden/absent
buhar  ghubaar:        A       n.m.    vapor/fog/mist/dust/vexation
gaddar  ghaddaar:       A       adj.    disloyal/treacherous
garez  gharaz:         A       n.f.    intention/meaning/design/view/want
gurur  ghuroor:        A       n.m.    pride/vanity
garip  gharib:         A       adj.    poor/destitute/strange/innocent/wonderful
gazel  ghazal:         A       n.f.    ode/poem
  ghash:          A       n.m.    stupor/fainting
  ghussah:        A       n.m.    anger/passion/rage/anxiety/grief
gaflet  ghaflat:        A       n.f.    negligence/drowsiness/stupor
  ghulaam:        A       n.m.    slave/boy/youth
gele atmak ghalat:         A       adj.    wrong/incorrect/inaccurate
   T play the dice wrong in black gommon 
  ghaleez:        A       adj.    dirty/filthy/gross/coarse/obscene
gam  gham:           A       n.m.    grief/sorrow/concern/care
          gham khwaar:    adj.    consoling
          gham deedah:    adj.    afflicted/grieved
          gham gusaar:    n.m.    comforter
gammaz  ghammaaz:       A       n.m.    informer/tattletale/back-biting
  ghaur:          A       n.m.    deep thought/meditation/close attention
g(^a)vur ghair:          A       n.m.    stranger/foreigner
gayrI  ghair:          A       adv.    besides
g(^a)vur ghair:          A       adj.    other/different/alien/bad
  ghair:          A       prep.   without/except/but/save
gayret?  ghairat:        A       n.f.    honor/modesty/bashfulness/envy/enmity
   T effort, assidiousity
################################################################################
                                        fe
                                        --
Fahir  faakhir:        A       n.m.    a boaster
fahi(,s) faash:          P       adj.    apparent/known/notorious
fasIla?  faasilah:       A       n.m.    distance/space/separation
FazIl  faazil:         A       adj.    superfluous/accomplished person/virtuous
faka basmak? faaqah:         A       n.m.    starvation/fasting/poverty
  T get oneself into serious trouble
faide  faa'idah:       A       n.m.    benefit/profit/utility
Faik  faa'iq:         A       adj.    superior/great
fitne  fitnah:         A       n.m.    sedition/revolt/mischief/temptation
fetva  fatwaa:         A       n.m.    judicial decree
Fahir  fakhr:          A       n.m.    glory/honor/pride/egotism
fide?  fida:           A       n.m.    sacrifice/devotion/ransom/exchange
   T  the early age of a plant when it can be replanted as a grown sprout from its seed
fedai  fidaa'ee:       A&P     n.m.    lover
firar  firaaq:         A       n.m.    separation/anxiety/absence/distance
Firdevs  firdaus:        A       n.m.    garden/paradise
  farishtah:      P       n.m.    angel/apostle/prophet/messenger
fIrsat  fursat:         A       n.f.    opportunity/leisure/rest/recovery
farz  farz:           A       n.m.    duty/moral obligation/statute
fark  farq:           A       n.m.    difference/distance/separation/defect
  furqat:         A       n.f.    separation/disunion/absence (of lovers)
ferman  farmaan:        P       n.m.    mandate/order/royal decree
  farmaa'ish:     P       n.f.    order for goods/requisition/pleasure/will
Faruk?  faro:           P       adj.    down/below/under
    NOTE: Eng. Paraoh title of the kings of ancient Egypt
feryad  faryaad:        P       n.f.    complaint/cry
  fareb:          P       n.m.    deceit/trick/fraud
feza?  faza':          A       n.f.    lamentation/wailing
   T space
  fasanah:        P       n.m.    romance/tale/fable
FazIl  fazl:           A       n.m.    excellence/virtue/reward/wisdom
fitre  fitrat:         A       n.f.    nature/creation/deceit/intrigue/wisdom
feryat figan fughaan.:       P       n.m.    clamor/lamentation/cry of distress
fakr-i zaruret faqr:           A       n.m.    poverty
fikir  fikr:           A       n.m./f. opinion/notion/care/concern/anxiety/counsel
  figaar:         P       adj.    wounded/sore/afflicted/confused
felek?  falak:          A       n.m.    sky/heaven/fortune/fate
   T fate
  fuwaad:         A       n.m.    the heart
  fauj:           A       n.f.    army/crowd/multitude
fevran?  fauran:         A       adv.    immediately/quickly/directly
Fehmi  fahm:           A       n.m.    understanding/intellect
Faysal  faisalah:       A       n.m.    settlement/decree/decision
faiz?  faiz:           A       n.m.    liberality/grace/bounty
  T  bank rate for an account of money
################################################################################
                                        qaaf
                                        ----
kabiliyet qaabil:         A       adj.    worthy/able/competent/deserving/clever
   T gift, ability
devlet KAPUsu qaaboo:         P       n.m.    power/command/authority/possession/hold
   T the door of the state(Ottoman), implies the power of the state
katil  qaatil:         A       n.m.    murderer/assassin/homicide
  qaazee:         A       n.m.    judge
kaide  qaa'idah:       A       n.m.    custom/rule/manners/habit/established order
kafiye  qaafiyah:       A       n.m.    rhyme/metre/cadence
kanun  qaanoon:        A       n.m.    rule/law/system/state
  qaa'il:         A       adj.    confessing/agreeing/conceding/subdued
kai(de)  qaa'im:         A       adj.    erect/stagnant/firm/durable
  T the body part of a thing(usually an architectural element)
kabir  qabr:           A       n.f.    grave/tomb
kabza  qabzah:         A       n.m.    gridp/clutch/possessing/power/hilt of a sword
kabul  qubool:         A       n.m.    consent/acceptance/assent/recognition
katli  qatl:           A       n.m.    killing/murder/assassination
Ne KADar? qadd:           A       n.m.    stature/size/height
   T How much?
Kadir  qadr:           A       n.f.    dignity/honor/worth/value
kudret  qudrat:         A       n.f.    power/strength/universe/nature
adIm  qadam:          A       n.m.    step/pace/footstep
karar(gah)? qaraar:         A       n.m.    residence/stability/rest/patience/satisfaction
  T headquarters for an army
kurban  qurbaan:        A       n.m.    sacrifice/victim/offering
  qarz:           A       n.m.    debt/loan
  qareeb:         A       adj.    near/adjacent/akin/approaching
  qasam:          A       n.m.    an oath
kIsIm  qism:           A       n.f.    sort/kind/species/portion/nature
kIsmet  qismat:         A       n.f.    fortune/fate/share/portion/head/category
kusur  qusoor:         A       n.m.    fault/defect/blame/sin/failure
kIssa  qissah:         A       n.m.    tale/fable/romance/quarrel/dispute
keza?  qazaa:          A       n.f.    fate/destiny/jurisdiction/judgement
kafes  qafas:          A       n.m.    cage/network/body
kalp  qalb:           A       n.m.    heart/mind/soul/intellect/marrow/pith
kalem  qalam:          A       n.m.    reed/pen/handwriting
  qamar:          A       n.m.    the moon
  qaul:           A       n.m.    word/saying/promise/consent/vow
  qaum:           A       n.m.    nation/people
kIyamet  qiyaamat:       A       n.f.    resurrection/Judgement Day/tumult
kaide  qaid:           A       n.f.    imprisonment/confinement/obstacle/control
kIymet  qeemat:         A       n.m.    price/value/woth/cost
################################################################################
                                        kaaf
                                        ----
k(^a)tip kaatib:         A       n.m.    scribe/writer
  kaazib:         A       adj.    false
  kaar:           P       n.m.    affair/work/labor/duty/profession
kervan  kaarwaan:       P       n.m.    caravan/large company of pilgrims
kase  kaasah:         P       n.m.    cup/goblet/bowl
  kaash:          P       intj.   would that !
k(^a)(,s)if kaashif:        A       adj.    discoverer/revealer
k(^a)(~g)It kaaghaz:        P       n.m.    paper/letter/document
k(^a)fir? kaafir:         A       n.m.    infidel/sweetheart/mistress
  kaafir:         A       adj.    impious/ungrateful
  kaafur:         A       n.m.    camphor
k(^a)fi  kaafi:          P&A     adj.    sufficient/enough
  kaam:           P       n.m.    palate/desire/object/purport/design/intention
          kaamraan:       adj.    successful/fortunate/happy/blessed
          kaam yaab:      adj.    prosperous/successfulhappy/satisfied
  kaahish:        P       n.f.    anxiety/pining/decline/decay
  kaahil:         A       adj.    lazy/slow/indolent/relaxed/tardy/ailing
  kabootar:       P       n.m.    pigeon/dove
  kabeer:         A       adj.    great/large/immense
kitap  kitaab:         A       n.m.    book/writing/despatch
  kasrat:         A       n.f     abundance/excess/bulk
  kadah:          P       n.m.    a place (usually a suff.)
Kerem  karam:          A       n.m.    kindness/favor/bounty/clemency
Kerim  kareem:         A       adj.    bountiful/generous/merciful/epithet of God
  kas:            P       n.m.    man/person
kasap?  kasab:          A       n.m.    profession/trade
   T butcher
  kasr:           A       n.f.    breach/loss/affliction
  kasal:          A       n.m.    laxity/cowardice/depression/sickness
kisve  kiswat:         A       n.f.    dress/appearance/habit/figure/form/manner
ke(,s)meke(,s) kashaakash:     P       n.f.    struggle/dilemma/contention/grief and pain
  kashti:         P       n.f.    ship/boat/vessel/tray
ke(,s)i(,s) kashish:        P       n.f.    drawing/attraction/allurement
k("u)f("u)r kufr:           A       n.m.    paganism/infidelity/profanity
kefen  kafan:          A       n.m.    shroud
k("u)l(liyet) kul:            A       adj.    all/complete/entire/aggregate/universe
kel(^a)m kalaam:         A       n.m.    discourse/oration/a work/composition/objection
kem?  kam:            P       adj.    deficient/few/little/rare/scanty
  T kem g("o)z
        bahtsIz  kam bakht:      adj.    unfortunate/wretched
          kamzor:         adj.    weak/feeble/powerless
Kemal  kamaal:         A       n.m.    excellence/perfection/miracle/art
keman?  kamaan:         P       n.f.    bow/arch/spring
  T violin
kemer  kamar:          P       n.f.    waist/girdle/zone/army flank/arch
kemi-rmek? kamee:          P       n.f.    deficiency/loss/abatement/reduction/dearth
 T nibble, erode
  kameenah:       P       adj.    mean/vulgar/base/defective
  kinaarah:       P       n.m.    shore/river bank/edge/margin/limit
  kandah:         P       adj.    carved/engraved
  koshish:        P       n.f.    attempt/endeavor/labor/exertion
  koft:           P       n.f.    beating/pain/vexation/grief/gilding
  kaul:           H       n.m.    mouthful/morsel
  koh:            P       n.m.    mountain/hill
keyif  kaif:           A       n.m.    intoxication
keyfiyet kaifiyyat:      A       n.f.    narrative/circumstances/explanation/situation
kin  keenah:         P       n.m.    malice/rancor/enmity
################################################################################

                                        gaaf
                                        ----
  giraan.:        P       adj.    precious/costly/dear/important/heavy
  gard:           P       n.f.    trifle/dust
  gird:           P       n.m.    round/circumference/environs
girdap  girdaab:        P       n.m.    whirlpool/abyss/vortex
  gardish:        P       n.f.    revolution/circulation/misfortune/vagrancy
gerdan  gardan:         P       n.f.    the neck
  giriftaar:      P       adj.    captured/seized/smitten/prisoner/captivated
  garm:           P       adj.    hot/burning/ardent/choleric/lively
  girau:          P       n.m.    pledge/pawn
  girah:          P       n.f.    knot/joint/knuckle
  giriyaan.:      P       adj.    weeping/crying
feryat  giryah:         P       n.m.    weeping/lamentation/crying/plaint
gez?  gaz:            P       n.m.    a yard measure
   T gez-goz-arpacik : technique for aiming at a destination with a gun
  guzaarish:      P       n.f.    petition/request/explanation
  guzaarah:       P       n.m.    living/subsistence/passage/abode
g("u)zarg(^a)h guzar:          P       n.f.    a pass/a living/a road
gazi  gazeedah:       P       adj.    stung/bitten
g("u)zide guzeedah:       P       adj.    selected/chosen
  gusaar:         P       adj.    taking away/dissipating/removing
  gustaakhee:     P       n.f.    rudeness/arrogance/audacity
  guftgoo:        P       n.f.    conversation/discourse
g("u)l  gul:            P       n.m.    rose/flower/ornament/brand
        gul beden gul badan:      adj.    delicate/graceful
        g("u)l deste gul dastah:     n.m.    a bouquet
        G("u)lizar gul zaar:       n.m.    flower-bed/garden
          gul sitaan.:    n.m.    rose-garden
        G("u)l(,s)an gulshan:        n.m.    a flower or rose garden
  gulaab:         P       n.m.    the rose
(,c)ile  gilah:          P       n.m.    complaint/blame/reproach/lamentation
g("u)m  gum:            P       n.m.    lost/missing/distracted
          gum raah:       adj.    astray/lost/wicked/depraved
          gum sum:        adj.    still/silent
          gum gashtah:    adj.    lost/wandering
          gum naam:       adj.    nameless/anonymous/unknown/inglorious
  gumaan:         P       n.m.    doubt/surmise/fancy/pride/opinion/distrust
g("u)nah gunaah:         P       n.m.    fault/sin/crime/guilt
  gawaaraa:       P       adj.    palatable/agreeable/pleasant/nice
  gawaah:         P       n.m.    a witness
  gawaahee:       P       n.m.    testimony/evidence
k("o)(,s)k gosh:           P       n.m.    the ear
  T  kiosk
k("o)(,s)e goshah:         P       n.m.    corner/angle/cell/privacy
  goyaa:          P       adj.    speaking/eloquent
  geer:           P       adj.    taking/holding/seizing/conquering
  gesoo:          P       n.m.    tresses/locks
Ceyhan  gaihaan.:       P       n.m.    the world/the universe
################################################################################
                                        laam
                                        ----
  laa:            A       suff.   no/not/by no means/without
        cevapsiz  laa jawaab:     adj.    rendered speechless/silenced
        na(,c)ar  laa chaar:      adj.    helpless/destitute/forlorn/disabled
           laa waaris:     adj.    heirless
l(^a)zIm laazim:         A       adj.    necessary/compulsory/important
le(,s)  laash:          T       n.f/m.  corpse
l(^a)ik  laa'iq:         A       adj.    worthy/suitable/able/qualified/decent
leb?  lab:            P       n.m.    the lip/edge/margin/shore/bank
   T leb demeden leb lebiyi anlamak, to understand very quickly, leb-i derya ?
lahza  laHzah:         A       n.m.    the twinkling of an eye/moment/glance
lezzet  lazzat:         A       n.f.    taste/flavor/enjoyment/pleasure
  larzaan.:       P       adj.    termbling/tremulous/fearing
letafet  lataafat:       P       n.f.    pleasantness/elegance/subtility
lutuf  lutf:           A       n.m.    kindness/favor/grace/pleasure
  latmah:         A       n.m.    slap/blow
l(^a)tife lateefah:       A       n.m.    pleasantry/witticism/joke
l(^u)gat lughat:         A       n.m.    tongue/speech/dialect/word/dictionary
  lifaafah:       A       n.m.    cover/envelope/wrapper/secret
l(^a)fz  lafz:           A       n.m.    word/saying
  luknat:         A       n.f.    stammering/speech impediment
  lagaam:         H       n.f.    bridle/rein
l(^a)hza lamHah:         A       n.m.    minute/moment
  lang:           P       n.m.    lameness/limp
  lan.gar:        P       n.m.    anchor/cable/rope/public kitchen/alms
l(^a)v  lau:            H       n.f.    candle flame/ardent desire/attachment
    T  lava from a volcano
  lauH:           A       n.f.    plank/board/table/tablet/title page
liyakat  liyaaqat:       A       n.f.    worth/ability/merit/skill
################################################################################
                                        meem
                                        ----
  maa:            A       adv.    which/what/that which/whilst/during...
        mabet?  maa ba'd:       adj.    following
           T building for worshiping, mosque, church and others...
          maa Haul:       n.m.    surroundings/environs
        maaf olmak?  maa faat:       adj.    what is past or dead
           T to be seriously heart (economically, physically or mentally)
          maa waraa:      adj.    what is beyond or behind
matem  maatam:         A       n.m.    mourning/grief
mal  maal:           A       n.m.    riches/property/merchandise/revenue
m(^a)lik maalik:         A       n.m.    master/lord/owner/God
m(^a)ni  maani':         A       n.m.    impediment/hinderance/objection/stopper
meh  maah:           P       n.m.    the moon/month
        Mehpare  maah paaraa:    adj.    handsome/beloved
        mehtap  maah taab:      n.m.    moonlight
          maah jabeen:    adj.    a beautiful person
          maah wash:      adj.    having a face as beautiful as the moon
mahir  maahir:         A       adj.    skilled/expert/master/excel
mayus?  maayoos:        A       adj.    without hope/disappointed
m("u)barek mubaarak:       A       adj.    auspicious/blessed/felicitation
  mubaahaat       A       n.m.    contending for glory/boasting/arrogance
  mubtada:        A       n.m.    commencement/principle
mutaassIf? mutaassif:      A       adj.    sorrowful/repentant/grieving
m("u)tebessim mutabassim:     A       adj.    smiling/laughing
  mutaHammil:     A       adj.    affable/tolerant/patient/passive
m("u)tereddit mutaraddid:     A       adj.    hesitant/perplexed/wavering/grieved
metruk  matrook:        A       adj.    abandoned/obsolete/rejected
mutaassIp muta'assib:     A       adj.    prejudiced/partial/superstitious
  matwalaa:       A       adj.    intoxicated/inebriated
  mutawaqqi':     A       adj.    expecting/hopeful
metin  matin:          A       adj.    strong/solid/vigorous/obstinate
misal  misaal:         A       adj.    simile/likeness/metaphor/example
masal  masal:          A       n.f.    proverb/example
mecal  majaal:         A       n.f.    power/strength/stability/opportunity
mecbur  majboor:        A       adj.    compelled/helpless/oppressed
m("u)crim mujrim:         A       adj.    criminal/culpable/faulty
  mujrim:         A       n.m.    felon/criminal/sinner
  majrooh:        A       adj.    wounded/hurt/smitten
meclis  majma':         A       n.m.    congregation/assemblage/crowd/collection
mecnun  majnoon.:       A       adj.    insane/madly in love
muhafIz  muHaafiz:       A       n.m.    protector/guardian/guard
muhabbet maHabbat:       A       n.f.    love/friendship
  maHboob:        A       n.m.    lover/friend/sweetheart
  maHboob:        A       adj.    loved/lovely
  maHboobah:      A       n.f.    mistress/sweetheart
  maHboos:        A       adj.    confined/imprisoned
muhtac  muHtaj:         A       adj.    needy/poor/defective
mahcup  maHjoob:        A       n.m.    modesty/shame/bashfulness
mahdut  maHdood:        A       adj.    limited/bounded/finite
mahrum  maHroom:        A       adj.    deprived/unlucky/prohibited/disappointed
mahzun  moHzoon:        A       adj.    grieved/vexed
Muhsin  muHsin:         A       n.m.    patron/benefactor
  maHsood:        A       adj.    envied/hated
mahsus?  maHsoos:        A       adj.    felt/perceived/sensible
  maHzooz:        A       adj.    pleased/delighted/rich/contented
mahfil  maHfil:         A       n.f.    congregation/assembly
mahfuz  maHfooz:        A       adj.    kept safe/guarded/secure/memorized
mahalle  muHallah:       A       n.m.    quarter(of a city)/street/ward
mihnet  miHnat:         A       n.f.    labor/toil/difficulty/trial
  makhboot:       A       adj.    mad/insane
muhtezar? mukhtasar:      A       adj.    concise/abbreviated
  makhmal:        A       n.m.    velvet
mahmur  makhmoor:       A       adj.    intoxicated/drunk
medar  madaar:         A       n.m.    circumference/orbit/station/dependence
  mudaam:         A       adv.    eternally/always/continually
m("u)ddet muddat:         A       n.f.    period(of time)
medet  madad:          A       n.f.    help/assistance/reinforcement/wages
  madhosh:        A       adj.    intoxicated/astonished
  mazaaq:         A       n.m.    joke/taste/relish/perception
mezhep  mazhab:         A       n.m.    religion/sect/doctrine
murat  muraad:         A       n.f.    desire/will/intention/vow/tenor/meaning
mertebe  martabah:       A       n.f./m. degree/office/class/order
merhale  marhalah:       A       n.m.    stage/inn/day's journey/difficulty
merhum  marhoom:        A       adj.    dead/deceased
mert  mard:           P       n.m.    man/male/hero/husband
  murdah:         P       adj.    dead/weak/decrepit
m("u)r(,s)id? murshid:        A       n.m.    teacher/spiritual guide
  marghoob:       A       adj.    desired/beautiful
  marqoom:        A       adj.    written/inscribed
mermer  marmar:         G       n.m.    marble
meram  marham:         A       n.m.    ointment/salve/cure
maraz?  mareez:         A       n.m.    patient
mizac  mizaaj:         A       n.m.    mixture/temperament/humor/pride
mezar  mazaar:         A       n.m.    shrine/tomb/grave
  mazah:          P       n.m.    taste/relish/enjoyment/pleasure
misafir  musaafir:       A       n.m.    traveller/stranger
mest  mast:           P       adj.    drunk/intoxicated
mezrur?  masroor:        A       adj.    glad/cheerful/pleased
  mash'al:        A       n.f.    torch/lantern
m("u)(,s)k("u)l mushkil:        A       adj.    difficult/intricate/hard/painful
me(,s)hur mashhoor:       A       adj.    noted/famous/reported/proclaimed
  museebat:       A       n.f.    misfortune/calamity/adversity/evil
mezbut?  mazboot:        A       adj.    strong/firm/resolute/valid
  mutaqbiq:       A       adj.    conformable/suitable/like/in accordance with
  matlab:         A       n.m.    object/aim/meaning/motive/wish/desire
mazlum  mazloom:        A       adj.    injure/oppressed/wronged
  mu'aahid:       A       n.m.    ally/confederate
m(^u)cize mu'ijzah:       A       n.m.    miracle
  ma'shooq:       A       n.m.    beloved/sweetheart
mal(^u)m ma'loom:        A       adj.    known/evident/clear
mamul?  ma'mool:        A       adj.    governed/prepared/customary
    T product
  ma'nee:         A       n.m.    meaning/intent/signifcance/reality/essence
  maghz:          P       n.m.    brain/pith/intellect
mahrur  maghroor:       A       adj.    proud/arrogant
ma(~g)lup maghloob:       A       adj.    conquered/subdued
  muft:           P       adj.    free/gratis
meftun?  maftoon:        A       adj.    tempted/enamored/charmed/mad (with love)
m("u)flis muflis:         A       adj.    poor/indigent/bankrupt
  maflook:        A       adj.    indigent/beggarly/destitute
M("u)fit mufeed:         A       adj.    profitable/beneficial/useful
mukabil  muqaabil:       A       adj.    opposite/converse/against/matching
meal?  maqaal:         A       n.m.    word/speech/saying/proverb
makam  maqaam:         A       n.m.    dwelling/station/position/basis
  maqbarah:       A       n.m.    tomb/grave
makbul  maqbool:        A       adj.    accepted/chosen/grateful
mukadder? muqaddar:       A       n.m.    fate/destiny/predestination
mukaddem? muqaddam:       A       adj.    antecedent/prior/superior/chief
  muqir:          A       adj.    confessing/admitting/acknowledging
m("u)kerrer? muqarrar:       A       adj.    established/fixed/certain/customary/permanent
maksat  maqsad:         A       n.m.    intention/purpose/aim/goal/desire
  maqsood:        A       adj.    intended/proposed
  makkaar:        A       adj.    cunning/artful/deceitful
  makaan:         A       n.m.    house/place/habitation
mukadder? mukaddar:       A       adj.    turbid/muddy/sullen/gloomy/vexed
m("u)kerrer? mukarrar:       A       adv.    repeatedly/again
  maknoon:        A       adj.    hidden/concealed
me(~g)er? magar:          P       conj.   unless/perhaps/except/but/however
m("u)l(^a)zIm? mulaazim:       A       n.m.    servant/aide
m("u)l(^a)kat mulaaqaat:      A       n.f.    meeting/encounter/interview/visit
  malaal:         A       n.m.    sadness/grief/langor/fatigue
melamet?  malaamat:       A       n.f.    censure/rebuke
m("u)laim mulaa'im:       A       adj.    soft/tender/gentle/placid
m("u)lk  mulk:           A       n.m.    nation/realm/territory
mal("u)l? malool:         A       adj.    sad/depressed/tired/bored
m("u)mtaz mumtaaz:        A       adj.    exalted/eminent/chosen
m("u)mk("u)n mumkin:         A       adj.    possible/feasible
m("u)nasip munaasib:       A       n.f.    proper/suitable/fit/apt/congruous
m("u)nhasIr munHasir:       A       adj.    surrounded/besieged/dependent/resting
menzil  manzil:         A       n.f.    day's journey/destination/storey/house
  manish:         P       n.f.    heart/mind/soul/magnanimity/pride
manzara  manzar:         A       n.m.    countenance/visage/sight/aspect/scene
menzur?  manzoor:        A       adj.    admired/chosen/approved/accepted/granted
men(etmek)? mana':          A       n.m.    prohibition/refusal/hindrance/forbidding
  maut:           A       n.f.    death/mortality
  mauj:           A       n.f.    wave/surge/enjoyment/ecstasy/caprice/plenty
mucip?  moojib:         A       n.m.    cause/reason
mevcud  maujood:        A       adj.    present/existing/at hand/ready
mevsim  mausam:         A       n.m.    season/time
  mauqa':         A       n.m.    occasion/opportunity/place/situation
mum  mom:            P       n.m.    wax
muayyide? mua'yyid:       A       adj.    corroborative/confirmatory
muhayyir? muhaajir:       A       n.m.    refugee/emigrant
mehtap  mahtaab:        P       n.m.    moonlight
Mihriban mihrbaani:      P       n.f.    favor/kindness
m("u)hlet muhlat:         A       n.f.    retarding/delay/respite/leisure
mihmandar? mihmaan:        P       n.m.    guest
mey, mai mai:            P       n.f.    wine/liquor
        meyhane  mai khaanah:    n.m.    bar/tavern
        kadeh?  mai kadah:      n.m.    bar/tavern
            T cup, glass
Maide: woman name T
meydan  maidaan:        A       n.m.    open field/battlefield/ground
m("u)yesser muyassar:       A       adj.    facilitated/easy/possible/feasible
################################################################################
                                        noon
                                ----
  naa:            P&H     pref.   no/not/termination of the infinitive
       Esna?  na aashnaa:    adj.    not acquainted/stranger
         T female person name
  naa ittifaaqi:  n.f.    discord/disagreement
          naa ummeedee:   n.f.    hopelessness/despair
        insafsiz naa insaafi:    n.f.    injustice
          naa bood:       adj.    nonexistent/annihilated/extinct
          naa paa'idari:  n.f.    inconstancy/frailty
          naa pasand:     adj.    disliked/unacceptable/offensive
          naa tars:       adj.    hard-hearted/severe/pitiless
        natamam  naa tamaam:     adj.    incomplete
          naa tawaani:    n.f.    weakness/inability
        caiz olmayan  naa jaa'iz:     adj.    unlawful
        na(,c)ar naa chaar:      adj.    helpless/destitute/forlorn
        naciz  naa cheez:      adj.    trifling/insignificant/worthless
            naa khushi:     n.f.    disagreeableness/displeasure
        nadir?  naa daari:      n.f.    poverty
           T rare found
          naa daanistah:  adv.    unwittingly/unknowingly
          naa daani:      n.f.    ignorance
        nadide?  naa deedah:     adj.    greedy
           T rare found, valuable
          naa raasti:     n.f.    dishonesty
          naa raazi:      n.f.    discontent
          naa saaz:       adj.    indisposed/dissonant/uncivil
          naa samajh:     adj.    ignorant/dull/foolish
          naa shaad:      adj.    cheerless/joyless/dull
        (,s)("u)k("u)r naa shukr:      adj.    ungrateful
          naa shinaas:    adj.    ignorant
          naa saaf:       adj.    unclean/impure/unchaste
        sabIrsIz  naa saboor:     adj.    impatient/restless
          naa taaqat:     adj.    weak/feeble
          naa farmaan:    adj.    disobedient
          naa fahm:       adj.    stupid
        nakabil  naa qaabil:     adj.    unfit/unworthy/incapable
        kadir bilmez  naa qadr:       adj.    unappreciative
          naa kaam:       adj.    unsuccessful
        nakas  naa kas:        adj.    worthless/base
          naa gawaar:     adj.    unpleasant/unpalatable
        laik olmayan  naa laa'iq:     adj.    unworthy/unsuitable/improper
        muradina ermemi(,s)  naa muraad:     adj.    disappointed
        namert  naa mard:       adj.    unmanly
          naa ma'loom:    adj.    unknown
        m("u)mk("u)n olmayan naa mumkin:     adj.    impossible
          naa manzoor:    adj.    disallowed
          naa yaab:       adj.    scarce/rare
neta(mesiz)  naataa:         H       n.m.    relationship/alliance/kin/affinity
  naach:          H       n.m.    dance
  naakhun:        P       n.m.    nail/claw
nadir  naadir:         A       adj.    rare/singular/precious
  naadim:         A       adj.    penitent/ashamed/bashful
  naar:           A       n.f.    fire/hell
naz  naaz:           P       n.m.    coquetry/airs/pride/elegance/softness/delicacy
  naazish:        P       n.f.    pride/arrogance
nazik  naazuk:         P       adj.    thin/slender/fragile/delicate
  naasoot:        A       n.m.    humanity/human nature
Nafiz  naafiz:         A       adj.    having effect/piercing
  naak:           P       suff.   affected with/full of
Nalan  naalaan:        P       adj.    lamenting/moaning
  naalish:        P       n.f.    complaint/accusation
nam  naam:           P       n.m.    name/title/honor/fame/
  naamah:         P       n.m.    treatise/book/history
  naa'o:          H       n.f.    boat/ship/vessel
  naa-onosh:      P       n.m.    carousing/feasting
naib  naa'ib:         A       n.m     assistant/deputy
nabIz  nabz:           A       n.f.    the pulse
Nabi  nabi:           A       n.m.    a prophet
  nataa'ij:       A       n.m.    results/consequences (plu. of nateejah)
netice  nateejaa:       A       n.m.    result
  nisaar:         A       n.m.    throwing/dispersion/scattering/sacrifice
Necmi  najm:           A       n.m.    star/planet/fortune/horoscope
Necip  najeeb:         A       adj.    praiseworthy/noble/generous
  nakhraah:       A       n.m.    airr/coquetry/trick/pretence/swagger
Nedim  nadeem:         A       n.m.    intimate friend
  nar:            S&P     n.m.    man/male
  niraalee        H       adj.    unequalled/rare/strange
Nergis  nargis:         P       n.f.    Narcissus/the eye of a mistress
  narm:           P       adj.    smooth/tender/soft/slow
nezaket  nazaakat:       P       n.f.    neatness/elegance/politeness
nezdi?  nazdeek:        P       adj.    near
nisbet  nisbat:         A       n.f     relation/affinity/attribute/comparison
Nesim  naseem:         A       n.f.    Zephyr/gentle breeze
ni(,s)an nishaan:        P       n.m.    mark/sign/signal/emblem/target/scar/trace
  nishaanee:      P       n.f.    mark/sign/souvenir/keepsake
  nashaah:        P       n.m.    intoxication/pride/arrogance
Nesin  nasheen:        P       adj.    sitting
Nusret  nusrat:         A       n.f.    victory
nasib  naseeb:         A       n.m.    fortune/fate/destiny
nasihat  naseeHat:       A       n.f.    advice/counsel/admonition
nazar  nazaarah:       A       n.m.    sight/view/vista
nezafet  nazaafat:       A       n.f.    purity/neatness
nizam  nizaam:         A       n.m.    order/arrangement/custom/system
nazar  nazar:          A       n.f.    look/glance/favor/motive/view/countenance
nazIm  nazm:           A       n.f.    poetry/verse
nazIm  nazm:           A       n.m.    order/arangement
  na'sh:          A       n.f.    coffin/corpse/bier
  ni'am:          A       n.f.    favors/benefits
Naim  na'eem:         A       n.f.    pleasure/ease/tranquility
nema  naghmaah:       A       n.m.    melody/song/musical note
nefret  nafrat:         A       n.f.    aversion/disgust/fright/terror
nefis  nafs:           A       n.m.    soul/spirit/essence
nakI(,s)? naqsh:          A       n.m.    painting/picture/map/mark
    T  picture made by sewing on a cloth or similar material
  naqshah:        A       n.m.    portrait/model/design/example
noksan  nuqsaan:        A       n.m.    loss
nakil  naql:           A       n.f.    narration/tale/mimicing/copying/aping
nakl(^i)? naqli:          A       adj.    artificial/spurious/counterfiet
    T imported
nikah  nikaah:         A       n.m.    matrimony
  nakbat:         A       n.f.    calamity/misfortune
n("u)kte nuktah:         A       n.m.    subtlety conceit/point of wit/epigram
          nuktah been:    adj.    hypercritical
          nuktah cheen:   adj.    captious
        n("u)ktedan? nuktah daan:    adj.    sagacious
         T witty
Nigar  nigaar:         P       n.m.    painting/picture/sweetheart/beloved
  nigaah:         P       n.f.    look/glance/sight/custody/care
          nigaah baan:    n.m.    protector/guard
nem  nam:            P       n.m.    moisture/wetness/dampness
  nam:            P       adj.    moist/wet/damp
namaz  namaaz:         A       n.f.    prayer
n("u)mai(,s) numaa'ish:      P       n.f.    show/display/sight/spectacle
numune  namoonah:       P       n.m.    example/sample/specimen
  nau:            P       adj.    new/fresh/raw
 nevbahar nau bahaar:     n.f.    early spring
         nau jawaani:    n.f.    youth/prime of life
         nau nihaal:     n.m.    sapling/young man
  nawaazish:      P       n.f.    kindness/favor/patronage
  naubat:         A       n.f.    turn/time
nur  noor:           A       n.m     light
Nihal  nihaal:         P       n.m     sapling
Nihan  nihaan.:        P       n.m     latent/hidden/secret/
Niyazi  niyaaz:         P       n.f.    desire/plea/poverty/need
niyet  niyyat:         A       n.f.    intention/purpose/will/aim
  nek:            P       adj.    good/lucky/virtuous/pious
  neelaam:        (Port.) n.m.    auction
  nim:            P       adj.    middle/half
  niyoosh:        P       adj.    listening/hearing
################################################################################

                                        vaa-o
                                        -----
  o:              P       conj.   and
  waa:            P       adj.    open
  waa:            P       adv.    again/back
  waa:            P       prep.   with
          waa bastah:     adj.    bound together/attached
          waa pas:        adj.    behind/back/returning again
        vareste  waa rastah:     adj.    free/delivered/escaped/carefree
          waa sokht:      n.m.    aversion/disgust
vasi?  waasiq:         A       adj.    strong/firm/confident/secure
vacip  waajib:         A       adj.    necessary/obligatory
  waajibaat:      A       n.m.    duties (plu. of waajib)
  waajid:         A       adj.    possessor/creator
Vahid(ettin) waahid:         A       adj.    unique/one/single/unit
var(git)? waar:           H       n.m.    blow/attack/stroke
   T Go a way!
  waar:           P       suff.   like/resembling/possessing
  waar:           S       n.m.    day of the week/moment
varis  waaris:         A       n.m.    heir
  waarid:         A       adj.    coming/arriving/happening
  waaridaat:      A       adj.    events/occurences (plu. of waarid)
  waastah:        A       n.m.    account/sake/reason/means/motive
  waaste:         A       prep.   for/for the sake of
  waazih:         A       adj.    clear/evident/apparent
v(^a)ki  waaqi':         A       adj.    occuring/happening
  waaqi'i:        A       adv.    really/actually/truly
  waaqi'i:        A       adj.    true/real/proper
  waalid:         A       n.m.    father
valide  waalidah:       A       n.f.    mother
vale?  waalah:         A       adj.    distracted/mad with love
Van  waan:           H       suff.   possessing/endowed with
vehim  waahimah:       A       n.m.    imagination/fancy/whim
  wajaahat:       A       n.f.    dignity/respect/beauty
vecd  wajd:           A       n.m.    ecstasy/rapture/excessive love
vicdan  wijdaan:        A       n.m.    ecstasy/rapture/intuition
v("u)cud wujood:         A       n.m.    existence/essence/being
Vecihi  waj-h:          A       n.m.    cause/reason/mode/manner/face/appearance
  wajeeh:         A       n.m.    handsome/respectable/good appearance
  waHshat:        A       n.f.    solitude/grief/fear/sadness/loneliness
  waHeed:         A       adj.    singular/unique/alone
  widaad:         A       n.f.    friendship/love/affection
veda  widaa':         A       n.m.    farewell
Vedat  wadood:         A       adj.    loving/friendly
  war:            P       suff.   possessing/having
  warnah:         P       adv.    and if not/otherwise
vezin  wazn:           A       n.m.    weight/measure/metre/rhyme/esteem/honor
  waseem:         A       adj.    handsome/fine countenance
  wash:           P       suff.   like/resembling
vasIf  wasf:           A       n.m.    praise/merit/virtue
v("u)slat pl.? wusool:         A       n.m.    collection/acquisition
vasiyyet wasiyyat:       A       n.f.    testament/last will/legacy/bequest
  wazaahat:       A       n.f.    vivid description
  waza':          A       n.f.    state/position/situation
vatan  watan:          A       n.m.    native country
vade?  wa'dah:         A       n.m.    promise/agreement
  waghairah:      A       adv.    et cetera/and so forth
vefa  wafaa:          A       n.f.    fulfilling a promise/fulfilment/fidelity
          wafaa begaanah: adj.    faithless
          wafaa daar:     adj.    faithful/sincere
vefat  wafaat:         A       n.f.    death
vakit  waqt:           A       n.m.    time/term/season/hour/opportunity
vakIf  waqf:           A       n.m.    religious bequest
vekalet  wakaalat:       A       n.f.    advocacy/attorneyship
vekil  wakeel:         A       n.m.    lawyer/attorney
vilayet  wilaayat:       A       n.f.    a foreign country/abroad/realm/union with God
vali  walee:          A       n.m.    lord/prince/master/friend/guardian
vehim  wahm:           A       n.m.    imagination/idea/fancy/opinion/fear/suspicion
  wairaagi:       S       n.m.    ascetic/recluse
viran  weeraan:        P       adj.    desolate/ruined
virane  weeraanah:      P       n.m.    a ruined place
  weeraani:       P       n.f.    desolation/destruction/ruin
################################################################################
                                chhoTi he
                                ---------
  haatif:         P       n.m.    angel/voice from heaven
   haath:          H       n.m.    hand/arm/clutches/power/slap/reach
Hadi  haadi:          A       n.m.    guide/leader/director
  haar:           S&P     n.m.    necklace/garland
har  haar:           H       n.f.    loss/defeat/fatigue
 har vurup harman savurmak T spend a way a valuable thing without care
hale  haalah:         A       n.m.    halo/nimbus/circle round the moon
  haamoon:        P       n.m.    desert/plain/level ground
  haawiyah:       A       n.m.    the lowest region of hell
  haa'ilah        A       adj.    terrible/horrible
  huboot:         A       n.m.    decline/downfall/descent
hibe  hibah:          A       n.m.    gift/bequest/grant
  hatauRa:        H       n.m.    sledgehammer
  hatauRee:       H       n.f.    small hammer
  hathyaar:       H       n.f.    tool/weapon
  hathelee:       H       n.f.    palm of the hand
hicir  hijr:           A       n.m.    separation/absence from one's country
hicret  hijrat:         A       n.f.    separation/flight (flight of the Prophet
                                  from Mecca to Medina)
h(^u)cum hujoom:         A       n.m.    crowd/mob/tumult/assault/attack
Hidayet  hidaayat:       A       n.f.    instruction/guidance/righteousness
hedef  hadaf:          A       n.m.    target/goal/object
  hazaa:          A       pron.   this
her  har:            P       adj.    all/every/each
        herkes  har ek:         adj.    every one
        her bir  har baar:       adv.    every time
        hercai  har jaa'ee:     adj.    vagabond/faithless
        her dem  har dam:        adv.    every moment
  hiraas:         P       n.m.    fear/terror/confusion/sorrow/disappointment
harc  harj:           A       n.m.    tumult/sedition/trouble/loss/harm/injury
     T penalty
herze?  harzah:         P       adj.    nonsense/absurd/frivolous/vain
  hargiz:         P       adv.    ever/never
  haryaalee:      H       n.f.    greeness/freshness/grass
haz?  hazl:           A       n.m.    joke/jest/pleasantries
  hasti:          P       n.f.    life/existence
  hushyaar:       P       adj.    intelligent/alert/awake
hafta  haftah:         P       n.m.    a week
hakeza  hakaazah:       A       adv.    similarly
helak  halaak:         A       adj.    ruined/destroyed
  halaak:         A       n.f.    ruin/destruction/slaughter/death
hil(^a)l hilaal:         A       n.m.    new moon/the crescent
hem  ham:            P       conj.   also/likewise/together/with/similar
                          & adv.
          ham bazm:       adj.    of the same society
        hem batIn ham batn:       adj.    related by blood
          ham batn:       n.m.    blood-relation/close ally
          ham taa:        adj.    equal/alike
          ham jalees:     adj.    close friend
                         & n.m.
          ham jolee:      n.f.    playmate/equal/peer/friend
                          & n.m.
        hem dert ham dard:       n.f.    sympathizer/partner in adversity
          ham raaz:       adj.    confidant
          ham raah:       n.m.    fellow-traveller
 hem (,s)ehri: citizen
          ham zabaan.:    adj.    unanimous/of the same language
          ham saaz:       adj.    friendly/unanimous
          ham saayah:     n.m.    neighbor
          ham safar:      n.m.    fellow-traveller
        hem mezhep ham mazhab:     adj.    coreligionist
          ham nasheen:    n.m.    playmate/associate
  humaa:          P       n.m.    eagle/phoenix/bird of Paradise
h(^u)mayun humaayun:       P       adj.    august/royal/fortunate
himmet?  himmat:         A       n.f.    spirit/mind/courage/desire/design
  hameshaah:      P       adv.    always
  han.gaam:       P       n.m.    season/time/period
hengame  han.gaamah:     P       n.m.    tumult/riot/uproar/confusion/disorder
hava  hawaa:          A       n.f.    wind/breeze/air/atmosphere
heves  hawas:          A       n.f.    ambition/desire/lust
ho(,s)?  hosh:           P       n.m.    sense/mind/understanding
        T pleasent
  haul:           A       n.m.    terror/horror/fright
h("u)ner hunar:          P       n.m.    skill/art
  heeraa:         H       n.m.    diamond
heyet  hai'at:         A       n.f.    astronomy/face/figure;commission/delegation
################################################################################
                        chhoTi ye/baRi ye
                        -----------------
ya  yaa:            A       intj.   O!
ya  yaa:            P       conj.   either/or
y(^a)d  yaad:           P       n.f.    remembrance/memory/recollection
        yadet  yaad daasht:    n.f.    a note/memorandum/memory
        yadigar  yaad gaar:              memorial/souvenir/keepsake
y(^a)r  yaar:           P       n.m.    friend/lover/companion
yara?  yaaraa:         P       n.m.    strength/courage/power
        T wound
yarenlik yaaraanah:      P       n.m.    friendship
  yaaraanah:      P       adv.    friendly
y(^a)r?  yaari:          P       n.f.    friendship/assistance/love/intrigue
yas  yaas:           A       n.f.    despair/fear/terror
  yaaghi:         T       n.m.    rebel/enemy
yakut  yaaqoot:        P       n.m.    ruby/garnet
  yaawar:         P       adj.    aiding/friendly
yaver  yaawar:         P       n.m.    assistant/companion/friend
  yaawari:        P       n.f.    favor/assistance/friendship
  yaawah:         P       adj.    absurd/vain/futile/lost/ruined
yetim  yataamaa:       A       n.m.    orphans  (plu. of yateem)
  yateem:         A       n.m.    orphan
yad  yad:            A       n.m.    hand/power/authority/protection/succor
  yazdaan:        P       n.m.    God
Yesari  yasaar:         A       n.m.    left/left hand; affluence/opulence
yani  ya'ni:          A       adv.    namely/that is to say
yakIn  yaqin:          A       n.m.    certainity/assurance/truth/confidence/trust
        yakinen  yaqinan:        adv.    certainly/verily/assuredly/indeed
yek yak:            P       adj.    one/a/an
        yek can  yak jaan:       adj.    one soul
        yek dil  yak dil:        adj.    unanimous
          yak rukhee:     adj.    one-sided
          yak zabaan:     adj.    uniform opinion or speech
          yak sar:        adj.    all at once
          yak soo:        adj.    on one side/aside
          yak lakht:      adv.    all at once/suddenly
Yekta  yaktaa:         P       adj.    single/unique/matchless/incomparable
  yagaanah:       P       n.m.    kinsman/kindred
yeg(^a)ne yagaanah:       P       adj.    unique/single/sole/agreed/unequalled
yumulmak? yumn:           A       n.m.    felicity/prosperity/good luck
yemin  yamin:          A       n.m.    right hand; oath
yarI(,s) yoorish:        T       n.f.    assault/storm/invasion
  yaum:           A       n.m.    a day

                                                     (TAMAM)           (TAMAAM)
--
Cheers                                      To my  Mother S"uheyl^a's honor !
-V.C.Tirumalai                              Ali RIza SARAL
tirumala@cae.wisc.edu                       sal@eurocontrol.de
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